
Glass. 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



I 



SEGC IITIOW- 




". 






mmml MMmtximi Wmiti 



MS I :■■-: E 

. W, JONES, 



LUTHER SHELDON, 



DEALER IN 



ikik 



M 



MOULDINGS, BRACKETS, STAIR RAILS, NEWELS, 




BUILDERS' HARDWARE, 



$ 



7 



AND 



BUILDING MATERIAL OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 

GENERAL AGENT FOR 

WADSWORTH, MARTINEZ & LONG-MAN'S 

PURE PAINTS, 

PREPARED FOR IMMEDIATE USE. 

THE BEST AND CHEAPEST PAINT IN THE 

MARKET. 



SEND EOR CARD OE COLORS. 




|t£ § nnripl f ntetticM Itade 



V 
By CARY W. JONES. 



'"■v-,,.. . . . .,rS'- 



C. HALL WINDSOR, BOOKSELLER AND STATIONER No. 5 BANK STREET. 

VIRGINIAN PRESSES, MAIN & COMMERCE STS. 
1881. 



V 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1881, 

By Caky W. Jones, Norfolk, Va., 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 

F2 3 4 



NOTICE. 



The Publisher takes especial pleasure in presenting to the public, the 
Second Annual Edition of this Work, greatly enlarged and improved with 
numerous additional features. 

When the first edition was inaugurated our most enterprising and open- 
handed business men, with characteristic liberality, extended it their hearty 
and generous co-operation, and many of its friends who were doubtful as to 
the success of the undertaking, when it appeared, acknowledged the achieve- 
ment. This year our merchants have attested their appreciation of its 
influence in advancing the commercial and mercantile interests of the city 
it represents, by even a greater degree of liberality, as a comparison of the 
two books will show. 

This flattering encouragement at their hands was appreciated, and it 
caused the Publisher to re-double his efforts in making the present edition 
an improvement upon the first. It remains for his patrons to determine 
whether or not his aim has been accomplished. 

The Bird's-eye View of Norfolk, Portsmouth and the Inner Harbor, has 
been secured at great labor and expense, and will, we feel confident, prove 
a valuable acquisition, as it defines more clearly to the outside world than 
could possibly be done by any other means, our magnificent Harbor, from 
the Naval anchorage and Norfolk and Western Eailroad depot on the East, 
to Fort Norfolk on the West, and the easy adaptability of this immense 
water front to the requirements of our rapidly increasing commerce. 

The review of Norfolk's business interests begins with the year 1865, 
when our Export trade had not commenced, and our most important interests 
were not yet in their first stages of inception. It follows through a series 
of sixteen years, the lassitude and subsequent revival of these interests, 
pointing out what has already been done and the many avenues through 
which our people have reason to expect that tide of prosperity which is to 
make Norfolk commercially great and opulent. 

The inducements offered investors by the City are enumerated, and th e 
principal Industries and Trades, together with much accumulated data 
in regard to them, and the most successful firms engaged in them, are also 
presented; the whole forming a material panorama that should be of interest 
to business men everywhere. 

With the hope that this effort will benefit our city, the publisher each 
year sends gratuitously fifteen hundred copies to merchants throughout the 
country. 



SKETCH OF NORFOLK 

1865-1881. 



jlN giving this second annual outline of the commercial history of Nor- 
folk, and in endeavoring to introduce it to the World of Traffic as a 
Buisness Centre, by delineating as fully as practicable, within our some- 
what limited space, its leading Industries and Trades, it is not proposed 
to dwell long on our remote Past. The pens of Historians, far abler 
and more learned in antiquarian lore, have already described its origin 
and growth from the time of the red man, who hunted in the primeval 
forests that covered its present location or fished in the neighboring 
streams, even then noted for the abundance and quality of supplies, 
most admirably adapted both to the comfort and sustenance of man. 
Dwelling briefly on these points and passing over its progress or de- 
cline in business until the close of the late civil war — that mighty deluge, 
which swept away many ancient landmarks and brought to light and life 
a new order of things — it is our purpose first to review the history of the 
Foreign Trade of the now new and flourishing city, which has sprung, so 
to speak, from the debris of our " Ancient Borough," from the termina- 
tion of that great struggle to the present time. Its Waterways and 
Railways, in fact all ways, by which it receives and distributes the 
wealth and products of the Interior, which here seek an outlet and a 
market, shall all be duly considered at the fit time and place. In a 
word we have undertaken to group together all facts of general interest 
bearing on our present condition and the bright prospects we see in 
the near future. 

It is very true that " ye goode towne of Norfolke is an antiente one," 
but we wish it to be distinctly understood that in our reference to the 
" deluge" we had no intention to imply that our city is an "antediluvian 
relic," though the dark walls, with their deep salt air stains, of many of 



6 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



our ancient edifices taken in connection with some of the buildings of a 
little more modern date, to which are attached porches of " most exceeding 
altitude" have led visitors to suppose that at some very remote period of 
our history the terrible flood had indeed swept over our city and that 
thereafter these somewhat Babel-like efforts had been made to prevent 
the dire consequences of a similar calamity in the future. 




CUSTOM HOUSE AND POST OFFICE; 

It was only about three centuries ago — a short period in the Old 
World's history, though seemingly long in the light of our American 
civilization — that certain adventurous Englishmen, sent out under the 
authority of good Queen Bess by the gallant Raleigh, landed on Roa- 
noke Island, now a part of North Carolina though then styled Virginia, 
and in one of their wanderings came across the Indian village of " Ches- 
apik," situated on what is now known as the Elizabeth River, and 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 7 

having reported its favorable situation to the Mother Country, Raleigh 
immediately divined the future of a town possessed of great natural 
advantages and gave his orders accordingly. History fails to give 
us the details of the unsuccessful attempt to plant here the first Eng- 
lish settlement, but there is a legend that runs somewhat this way ; 
|< The natives were incensed at this attempt by outsiders to aid them 
in developing their natural advantages, believing that if left alone in 
the course of ages they would develop themselves, and hotly bade the 

' Yenghis ' begone." 

It is further reported that the spirits of these aboriginees lingered long 
amon g their successors, even when the red man had, given place to the 




SEABOARD COTTON PRESS (REYNOLD BROS.,) TOWN POINT. 



aggressive Anglo-Saxon and the virgin soil of the forest been ruthlessly 
torn up by imported plough shares. We are creditably informed that 
no longer than thirty years ago a venerable citizen of this old school — he 
has now passed away, we trust to the happy hunting grounds of his 
red predecessors — growled unceasingly because the introduction of the 
" then new" line of steamers to New York had deprived him of what 
he considered at least one of our greatest natural advantages, fine fishing 
right in the very harbor of our eity. But the " deluge " certainly swept 
away the ground work of this old fogyism and one by one the fossil 
monuments of a defunct system are crumbling, and we trust, to be 
buried forever out of sight, when our regenerate city reaches the full de- 
velopment of her promised future. 



8 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 



In this age brimful of facts and figures, any school-boy can tell his 
anxious father enquiring where is Norfolk, Virginia? That it is a city 
situated in lat. 36° 50' 50" N., long. 76° 18' 47" W., on the north side 
of an arm of the sea, called the Elizabeth River, and that directly south 
of it on the opposite side of the river is the city of Portsmouth. These 
are geographical facts, but when we speak in commercial par- 
lance of the port of Norfolk, we include all the territory on both sides 
of the river, which embraces the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, the 




MAIN STREET —ATLANTIC TO BANK STREETS. 

village of Berkley at the confluence of the Southern and Eastern branches 
of the Elizabeth and the suburban villages of Brambleton and Atlantic 
City, lying respectively above and below the corporate limits of Norfolk 
City. Within this territory now live between 40,000and 50,000 people. 
Here we find a magnificent port with a channel approach of 28 feet 
water, thus open to vessels of the largest size and open too at all seasons, 
while it presents at all times a harbor safe, and free from prevailing epi-, 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



9 



demies. Eight miles below the city at Seawell's Point the river flows into 
Hampton Roads, that unsurpassed, if not unequalled roadstead of the 
World; and in this connection a slight divergence from the immediate 
subjects of our sketch, we think, will not be uninteresting. It is an 
official description of this magnificent Roadstead furnished by the U. S. 
Coast Survey : 

"Hampton Roadstead is formed by the confluence of the James, 
Nansemond and Elizabeth rivers, and is bounded on the north by Old 
Point Comfort and the Hampton shore to Newport News ; on the east 




TAYLOR, ELLIOTT & WATTERS 1 — COR. MAIN STREET AND MARKET SQUARE. 

by a line drawn from Old Point Comfort Lighthouse to the Rip Raps, 
and continued to the west end of Willoughby bank ; on the south by 
Willoughby Bay and Seawell's Point Spit; and on the southwest and 
west by a line drawn from Seawell's Point to Newport News Point. 
Between these limits the Roads are about four miles long, with a 
depth from four to fifteen fathoms and excellent holding ground. 
At the eastern boundary the anchorage is three-quarters of a mile 
wide, and gradually widens toward the southwestward until abreast of 
the western end of -Hampton Bar, where it is a mile and three-eighths 



10 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



wide, between the lines of three fathoms. " To realize to the full the 
capacity of this grand harbor for the world's shipping, we must not 
forget that the nautical mile referred to above is 2,028 yards, or over 15 
per cent, more than the statute mile. With this brief review of the 
advantages of the situation of Norfolk as a port and reserving the right 
to ventilate this subject more fully as occasion offers, we will now enter 
upon a brief history of our foreign trade during the past fifteen years, 
referring incidentally to the , different avenues through which the 




BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF HARBOR. 

vehicles of commerce have brought the wealth of her commercial tribu- 
taries and poured it into the lap of our beautiful and prosperous city. 
The Summer of '65, while it found active hostilities at an end, and 
our people once more gathered in their old home, seeking employment 
in such avocations as seemed most likely to yield a provision for them- 
selves and families, came upon our city in a state of comparative isola- 
tion from all her old connections. Her railroads were cut off from their 
termini, while her lines of water transportation were principally new or 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



11 



in the hands of indifferent outsiders and used merely to earn the most 
money possible in carrying visitors to the late fields and scenes of war, on 
money making bent or led by idle curiosity, or else in furnishing 
supplies for the surrounding country, still suffering from the exhaustion 
of the war. 

The good people of the neighboring counties, lying on the North 
Carolina sounds, who had formerly sought in our city a market for 
their rich yield of corn, found the vast supplies of grain, which the new 
developments of our " Iron Age " were bringing from the overflowing 
granaries of the fruitful West, precluded thought of rivalry and there- 
fore ceased to cultivate that product of their soil and began to feel the 




DISCIPLES' CHURCH- FREEMASON STREET BET. BANK AND BREWER. 

first symptoms of the cotton fever, which has revolutionized the agri- 
culture of that section of the Old North State, 

There was no Board of Trade, Cotton Exchange or other organiza- 
tion at that time to whose records we can now refer to gain the accurate 
information about trade and the arrival and shipment of produce, 
which is now at our fingers' ends in the carefully prepared and period- 
ically published statistics of that excellent organization, the "Cotton 
Exchange," which under its present admirable management is a true 
source of pride to our business community, and which is only incom- 
plete in that its usefulness is confined to the single staple, "King Cot- 
ton. " A reference to the books of the Custom House enables us to 



12 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

present the following statistics of the Foreign trade of Norfolk in 1865 

IMPORTS. 

Vessels — One Schooner and one Brig, both from Turk's Island ; 



cargoes salt, valued at 
Hides and Old Junk 

EXPORTS. 

Staves to the West Indies, valued at 
Miscellaneous merchandise, 



$873 
. 110 $983 



1,163 
375 $11,538 




CITY HALL AND COURT HOUSE. 

The above business was all done in the last quarter of the year. 

In the next year, 1866, was seen the dawning of a brighter day for 
the commercial prospects of our city. On the very first day of the year 
there was a sort of involuntary direct trade movement in the shape of 
the entry of the cargo of a wrecked British Brig, the " Victoria, " 
consisting of an assortment of dry goods, liquors, &c, valued at $22,- 
000. The Merchants' and Mechanics' Exchange had begun a new life, 
having been reorganized the preceding October and formally opened 
to the public in November under the presidency of that most highly 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



13 



esteemed and valuable citizen, Charles Reid, Esq., the Nestor of the 
Stave Trade. There-opening of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad 
to Petersburg in February of this year was welcomed with great delight 
by all our citizens. It was the first link in that chain of events which has 
brought our city to its present state of improvement and which promises 
an untold prosperity in the near future. 

Towards the end of February one of our enterprising citizens had 




MAIN STREET— ATLANTIC TO COMMERCE STREETS, NORTH SIDE. 

completed his arrangements for the sailing of the British steamship 
Ephesus from Liverpool in April, and made strenuous efforts to procure 
orders for a cargo to be brought thence to Norfolk and a return 
cargo from this port for Liverpool. The efforts of this gentleman in 
the movement for direct trade were warmly endorsed and advocated by 
our people, and would have no doubt been at least measurably successful 
had not a combination of unavoidable circumstances caused a delay 
in the arrival of this steamship so far beyond the anticipated time that 



14 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 



it became necessary to ship the cargo, originally collected for her from 
another port. Early in June the delayed steamship put in an ap- 
pearance, bringing an assorted cargo of merchandise, valued at $81,290. 

She was a large screw steamer of tons and 310 feet long. 

She lay at the wharf contiguous to the foot of Fayette street, Town 
Point, the water at which had been deepened, by use of a dredge, by 
her consignee, at a heavy outlay, and in a spirit of liberality which 
showed they were somewhat imbued also with the spirit of progress, 
the City Councils had agreed to bear half of the expense. In the nov- 
elty of a vessel of her size lying at our wharves she seemed almost like 
a second edition of the " Great Eastern. " An outward cargo was pro- 
cured for her a second time, and she cleared on the first day of July for 
the voyage to Liverpool. But the destination was never reached: the 




MANISTEE SAW MILLS, BERKLEY— LeKIES & COLLINS. 

vessel and cargo were lost in a thick fog off Sable Island. We subjoin 
a copy of the manifest of the British steamship " Ephesus" on the voy- 
age from Norfolk to Liverpool, dated June 30, 1866. As she was the 
Pioneer vessel from our port to Liverpool, it may prove interesting : 

330,621 lbs. cotton, valued at $119,023 

2,296 bbls. rosin, " " ..... 7,428 

736 " tar, " " ..... 1,790 

Tobacco in hogsheads, tierces and other packages, weighing in 

all 323,874 lbs., valued at ...... 52,299 

43,000 staves, valued at ..... . , , 2,600 

Total valuation . . . . . .. ' . $183,140 

The anticipated arrival of the "Ephesus" created a demand for a 
cotton compress, and this was soon supplied. Although it has long 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



15 



gone the way of all man's worn-out inventions, we doubt not that Nor- 
folk's first adventure in this line, in the spring of 1866, still lives fresh 
and green in the memory of all the old Town Point wharf men, some 
of whom are still loyal subjects of Old King Cotton. It was of one- 
mule poiver, and Mike Hatton, well and favorably known among the 
cotton boys of to-day, was the engineer. It was a power too in its way, 
and did its work well, as far as it went, but of course in this age of high 
pressure and steam had to give way to a more powerful competitor. 

The u Ephesus " was the last as well as the first venture of the year in 
the movement of direct foreign trade, other arrangements however had 




EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK— MAIN STEEET. 

been made for future importations and to this end the permission of the 
Treasury Department had been obtained and necessary bonds given, so 
that our city was duly provided with a Bonded Warehouse, and thus 
for the time we had every facility for the receipt of importations to be 
held here in bond, at convenience, either for home consumption, when 
needed, or for transportation into the Interior. 

The resumption of our Trade with the West Indies, which had once 
been not only large but a fruitful source of profit to our Norfolk mer- 
chants, was attempted in the Spring and continued through the year by 
another enterprising citizen, ijow passed from life and probably 
".from the memory of most^f those, who should be grateful to all who have 
added even their mite to the prosperity of our City. He com- 



16 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTKE ; 



menced, we believe by the shipment of lumber to Barbadoes and received 
several cargoes of rum, molasses and sugar from the West Indies in return. 
During the year five vessels arrived consigned to him bringing the above 
mentioned products to the value of $14,700. We fear that the results of 
his venture were not commensurate with the energy and pluck shown by 
him in the attempt. 

The entire IMPORTS for this year— 1866— were as follows : 

From Liverpool to the value of $53 073 

From West Indies and British Provinces .... 22^165 



Total, 



$75,238 




UNIQUE MILLS, G3 AND 70 WATER STREET— T. B. ANDERSON & CO. 

EXPORTS. 

To Liverpool per S. S. "Ephesus" .... $183,140 

Staves to West Indies, ....... 161540 

Other articles to West Indies, including lumber, shingles, &c, 68,725 



Total > ....... $413,405 

We shall now proceed less in detail for the coming years, only giving 
the salient points in the history of our foreign trade and trying to point 
out causes as some new element enters in to give increased vitality to the 
trade in some article of merchandise or creates a marked decline in an- 
other, and drop perhaps a suggestion here and there as to a coming 
remedy which will relieve the temporary falling off. 



ITS PRINCIPAL, INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



17 



While the " Ephesus " had no immediate successor in the trade to 
Europe, she was followed early in January of the next year by the 
steamship ' ( Brazilian, " which sailed for Liverpool with a cargo of cotton, 
manufactured and leaf tobacco, and corn, of an aggregate value of about 
$330,000, and succeeded in completing her voyage without accident. 
Following in her wake, we find eleven other steamers loading in whole 
or in part at Norfolk during this year. Indeed, in this early clay of our 
foreign trade transatlantic transportation was confined almost entirely to 
steamers, as but two sailing vessels were loaded for Europe during that 
year, one a small brig with cotton and corn, and the other a British 
bark, not much larger, with staves and tobacco. The export trade of 
this year stands pre-eminent in the series of years between the close of 
the war and the financial panic in the last months of 1873. The cotton 
exports were valued at SI, 580,655 and largely exceed any subsequent 





iUS3I|l§S§ 



ATLANTIC HOTEL, MAIN AND GRAN BY STREETS— R. S. DODSON. 



year until 1874, and the value of the tobacco shipments alone reached 
$537,742, an amount since unequalled. The total exports for the year 
reached a value of $2,514,110. 

In 1868 there was a marked decline in the number of steamers arriv- 
ing to load and no commensurate increase, though a small one, in the 
number of sailing vessels loading here for Liverpool. At that time 
there were no shipments to any other transatlantic port. The ship Au- 
gusta which sailed from this port May 13, 1868, was the first ship, in- 
deed the first large sailing vessel, which had loaded here since 1865. 
The decrease in the shipments of cotton was marked, and in those of 
tobacco more so. Indeed it is with regret that we have to chronicle that 
from that year out tobacco has almost ceased to be an article of export 
from our port; though large quantities find their way by coastwise 
transportation from our wharves and thence through New York to 



IS 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



foreign countries. The total exports for 18G8 were valued at $1,739,- 

849. 

Feeling the necessity during this year for the establishment of a regular 
line as the only means of insuring direct trade between the South, through 
Virginia at Norfolk, and Europe, a strenuous effort was made, at a Direct 
Trade Convention held in the Summer at Bristol, to raise a joint stock 
company with a capital of $300,000, to establish a line of Ocean 
Steamers from Norfolk. The matter was finally referred to a com- 
mittee, of which General William Mahone of Virginia was President, 
which should report at an adjourned meeting to be held in Norfolk in 
October of that same year. The convention duly met in Norfolk at 








SI p| §HT| 

B.' f -.% P - .- >.;;. 



U. S. NAVAL HOSPITAL. 

the appointed time and its members were feted and feasted as the 
honored guests of our city. It was believed that the " year of Jubilee" 
had come and that thenceforth Norfolk had but to open her doors 
and take in the commerce of the World. The Committee reported 
favorably on a charter already granted for an "International Com- 
mercial Company of Norfolk." The report was referred to a Com- 
mittee on Business for the Convention, and was in due time dis- 
cussed, wittily, wisely and well. A subscription was started. Norfolk 
led off with $50,000, nobly seconded by Petersburg's $20,000, and 
the representatives of Nashville generously followed with $25,000, 
and several counties" of Virginia joined in, to swell the list, until 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



19 



over $125,000 was raised. Unfortunately Memphis, deeming her rail- 
road interests demanded her first support, took no stock in the scheme, 
and the other Southern and Western cities and counties followed her 
example. While the results of the convention, therefore, were not so 
favorable as anticipated and indeed for the time seemed almost disastrous, 
yet we believe the good seed was planted and only seemed for a while to 
die that it might spring up and bring forth good fruit more abundantly. 
Our people used to a commercial vassalage to the people of New York 




WATER STREET— EAST FROM; COMMERCE STREET. 

and other cities North have found the burden too easy and the rest too 
pleasant, and like lssachar have bowed their backs to pay tribute. 
But the immense growth of our vast country demands new outlets on 
the Seaboard and the force of circumstances will ultimately compel a 
commercial freedom that we would never voluntarily have assumed. 

1869-70 and '71 showed a continued decline of exports, while steamers 
had discontinued their calls at our port for loading and the carrying trade 
was confined to sail. During these years however there was a spurt in 
imports, the -value of which, reached in 1869, $2Q1,776, the principal 
item of: which, was Welsh- railroad iron, valued, at $187,858. 



20 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



Imports in 1870 were valued at $64,422, of which $32,924 was Welsh 
railroad iron, and $24,667 guano from Liverpool. Imports in 1871, 
valued at $260,000, of which Welsh railroad iron amounted to $210,219. 
For 1872 and 1873 our exports were again on the ascending scale and 
there was still a show of imports though they in turn were on the decline. 
In fact it was during; 1871-2 and 3 that we had some showing for a 
real direct trade. The steamers of the Allan Line from Liverpool on 
their way to'Baltimore commenced in February, 1871, and continued for 
three years to stop at this port. During this time they landed here sev- 
eral thousand emigrants destined for Virginia and the Southwest, and 
merchandise to the value of .$103,383. The imports for 1872 were 




LUTHER SHELDON'S— 10 W. SIDE MARKET SQUARE, AND 49 ROANOKE AVENUE. 

valued at $116,713. The imports for 1873 were valued at $71,870. 

From the last year mentioned our imports seem to cease, as we have 
no record of any receipts from foreign countries except in the shape of 
salt ballast of a ship or steamship from Liverpool or the occasional fruit 
cargo from the West Indies of some adventurous trader. But just 
where the imports seemed to have died out the new life of our 
export trade begins, and with the year 1874 our city sprung forth, like 
Minerva from the head of Jove, armed . and equipped for the battle of 
progress. 

In the matter of direct foreign shipments from the port of Norfolk we 
find a noteworthy fact in the case of the British steamship Ontario,which 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



21 



sailed December 4th, 1874, with a full cargo of cotton — 6,003 bales 

for Liverpool. This was not only the largest cargo of cotton cleared 
from Norfolk up to that time, and in fact rarely exceeded since, but was 
the first instance where cotton from the interior to take ship here direct 
for a foreign port had been shipped on through bills of lading. Four 
thousand four hundred and twenty-five bales of this cotton were so 
shipped from Memphis, Tenn., thus inaugurating a system for our port 
which had been for some time in vogue for the leading ports north of 
us, and which has been most successfully used since in loading vessels 
both steam and sail, from our own. 

The Railroad consolidations and combinations, of which we shall say 
more under their respective heads, have been the leading causes of that 




MASONIC TEMPLE— FREEMASON AND BREWER STREETS. 

continuous increase of our cotton exports, which has given us a name 
and high rank among the cotton ports of our country. Since 1877 the 
steamers have resumed their loadings at our port, and for three years 
two lines of chartered or consigned steamers, designated respectively as 
the "South Atlantic" and the "Liverpool, Memphis and Norfolk," while 
not yet bringing cargoes here, have had their sailings at intervals 
through the cotton season for Liverpool. 

For several years there has been a steady influx among us of Greek 
and English cotton buyers for the Liverpool market, whose number in- 
creases with each season, and whose favorable reports of Norfolk as a 
cotton mart bid fair to augment this increase indefinitely. While 
purchases have commenced, in a small way, perhaps, but still 



22 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

good for a beginning, for direct cotton shipments to Bremen, Havre and , 
Keval, and it needs only the coming supply of grain and tobacco, that 
the new railroad combinations and extensions, about to be consummated, 
promise us to make these shipments large and permanent. , 




HOSPITAL St. VINCENT de PAUL-CHURCH AND WOOD STREETS; 

Our f one-mule" press of the first cotton venture has grown to three 
powerful steam presses of improved patents, which are yet wholly inad- 
equate to do the work demanded by the cotton shippers, although a large 
quantity of cotton comes already compressed from the interior, and pro- 
visions are now being made to have at least double the number ready 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



23 



for the next season, of the newest and most approved patents. 

More buyers will certainly require more charterers to keep them sup- 
plied with the requisite number of vessels, and more compresses to do 
the work in season and well, while the increased number of vessels will 
■imperatively demand more wharf room and more stevedores, provided 
with all the' new and improved apparatus for giving dispatch, as well as 
thoroughness in loading. There has been heretofore cause for righteous 
complaint against our port in some of these respects. Now let our men 
of comnierce see to it that the cause no longer exists, for we have reached 
:i a point in our commercial history when the old-time policy of leave 
well enough alone must cease. We are either going ahead rapidly 




T. A. WILLIAMS & DICKSON'S— 2 AND 4 ROANOKE SQUARE. 

to the majesty of a mighty mistress of trade, or we will find ourselves 
in a collapsed stage, from whose deadness there will be no further awak- 
ening. 

The growth of our foreign trade through the fifteen years we have 
just reviewed, while it has been marked and perhaps, considered as a 
whole, most favorable, has been by no means without fluctuations, and 
in fact, in some of its branches this trade has been marked by a decided 
decline. As has been shown in the course of our sketch, audit is feature 
in our trade deeply to be regretted, our importations at no time very, large 
or various, have dwindled down to a few cargoes of salt and an occasional 
one of fruit. The shipments of staves to the West Indies, a business con- 
ducted by three of our leading firms,which in T875 had attained very re- 
spectable proportions — the exports that year being valued at $405,446— 



24 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



have year by year declined until those of the year just passed show an 
aggregate value of $167,900, which is less than any year since 1866. 
This decline, however, we think, is owing to the decrease in the demand 
in the West Indies, and in consequence of a falling off in the yield and ex- 
port of rum, sugar and molasses from these islands and Demerara, and 
also from the use of second-hand staves, as there is no other source from 
which they could derive such staves as our market has always afforded 
and for which it is justly celebrated. We have great hopes that a fav- 
orable turn in the business of that quarter of the world will restore 
this branch of trade to its old status, and that an increased demand 




S. A. STEVENS & CO.'S— MAIN AND GRANBY STREE1S. 

from the wine-growing countries may soon expand the now very limited 
trans- Atl an tic shipments of the article. 

In 1875 our exports of grain (Indian corn) were valued at $111,800; 
and showed a handsome increase in the two following years, reaching a cli- 
max in the latter of $246,426. In 1880 they amounted to only $122,106, 
which was a trifling advance, however, on their value for the preceding 
year. This is not a matter of wonder, however, when we consider the won- 
derful facilities for handling and loading grain at Baltimore, and remem- 
ber that there is a centripetal force in trade which can be only overcome 
by some other and greater pressure brought to bear upon it. As 
we come presently to discuss the future of Norfolk's trade and our 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



25 



coming advantages, we shall try to point out therein what we think will 
remedy this great evil. 

We miss, too, the advent of the immigrant direct to our shores, an ad- 
vantage we enjoyed when the Allan Line, then calling at our port on 
their route from Liverpool to Baltimore, from May, 1872, to May, 1874, 
landed here 2,292 persons from the Old World, seeking homes in the 
New. With unusual facilities as a point for the distribution of immigrants 
— for our means of transportation to the interior are unrivalled as to cheap- 
ness and unsurpassed as to comfort and dispatch — it seems but just that 




MAYER & CO.'S— 118 WATER STREET. 



we should have our full share of the benefits of this incoming tide of 
immigration. These settlers are no pauper herd coming down upon us 
as the locusts of Egypt to devour the substance of our goodly land, or 
seeking to deprive our own people of employment. They all bring 
something and oftimes infuse new life and energy into a community, 
and are willing to take up just those burdens of life that our own 
people are unwilling to bear, or are just ready to lay down from ex- 
haustion. Even though our State has failed to make practical use of 
those means suggested to her by which immigration to her borders might 
be induced and fostered, and consequently few may tarry just yet in 



26 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE | 



Old Virginia, their passage through our city will be an advantage. 
For some trifle is sure to be dropped by the wayside, and the little 
left behind by such will soon come to aggregate the much. 
" But while the decline in certain branches of trade seem discouraging, 
there is no denying that since the year 1873 our growth as a cotton port 
has not only been steady, But perfectly wonderful, and we stand to-day, 
according to the statistics of March 1st, 1881, not' only the third port in 




ST. PAUL'S CHURCH— ERECTED IN 1739. 



receipts of" cotton (585,514 bales), but second only to New Orleans in 
direct shipments to Greed Britain (258,965 bales), at the conclusion of the 
first six months of the season of 1880-'81. 

In 1871 the tonnage required to carry our direct exports amounted to 
10,398, which has steadily increased, if we except the year 1877, until 
it reaches the very handsome figure for 1880 — 136,949. These figures, 
we think, exliibit most strikingly the tremendous increase in our foreign 
trade. 



ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



27 



; The trans-atlantic shipment of timber and lumber has grown to be 
quite an item of our trade since 1877. Beginning in that year with a 
valuation of $47,709, the figures for the year 1880 have reached $84,375, 
with the trade just in a vigorous infancy, and destined to an enormous 
increase, by the active aid of those great feeders of trade, that are 
busily at work bringing the products of the interior to the ships 
lying at our wharves, ready to carry them to foreign markets. 




COMMERCE STREET— WATER TO MAIN STREETS. 

From the same sources we have also obtained a trade in manganese 
ore, which, in its third year, 1880, has reached a valuation of $55,141. 
But despite this handsome exhibit of the tonnage required for our exports 
and the strong probability of a continued increase in the demand, there 
is a lack of symmetry in our foreign commerce. It needs some of the ele- 
ments which would make it an established and permanent direct trade. 
Liverpool is the one grand centre to which, with but few exceptions, 



23 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

our whole commercial intercourse is tending. This we fear is an element 
of weakness and we long to see the day when the grand transatlantic 
line, with Norfolk and Flushing as the terminal points — the line pointed) 
out by our great Maury — shall be an accomplished fact r and no pent 
up island, bat the whole eoniinent shall not only receive but reciprocate- 




NORFOLK STEAM BAKERY, 87 MAIN STREET— JAMES REID & CO, 

our shipments. We must also have a further development of the grain 
and timber trade, putting us in direct communication with other conti^ 
nental ports, and thus remedy tin's otherwise serious defect in our for- 
eign commerce. ',•<": 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



29 



1 But the mere exportation of our products is not sufficient to establish, 
even from a commercial point of view, the position of our City as a 
grand centre. Commerce is a whimsical, tyrannical mistress, and her 
votaries must be constantly at work contriving to retain her favor even 
when once won. We must be ready to invite and receive the products 
of other lands, as well as send out our own. We need the complete 
inter-communication with Europe, either by sail or steam — let us have 
both if practicable — or taking the one which is most available, grow up 




FIRE DEPARTMENT AND WATER COMMISSIONERS' BUILDING-WILLIAMS AND 
TALBOT STREETS. 

to both by degrees. But we must have one or more permanent lines to 
ports in Europe, coming to our port with cargoes and leaving us only 
iwhen fully loaded and ready to return. A line of large sailing vessels, 
each of which would tarry longer in our midst while loading, and dis- 
burse considerable amounts among our people for necessary stores, would 
in one aspect be preferable, And we believe this desideratum is obtain- 
able, but it can only be reached by a united and harmonious effort of 
our business men. 



30 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE ; 



We have a Cotton Exchange, so thorough in all its details, and work- 
ing so harmoniously and usefully in its sphere that this staple is not only 
a King among us, but seems to have usurped all power and dominion. 
This should not be so. We need a combination of men in all branches of 
business, brought together in a Commercial Exchange, on easy and friendly 
terms, who may discuss not only the ways and means of handling our 
domestic products at home or sending them abroad, but of bringing in 
the needed products of other countries direct to our own port, and, by a 
joint effort, in such quantities, as will make Norfolk the great trade centre 
of the South and West for foreign commodities. We see no reason why 




MARKET SQUARE, LOOKING EAST FROM MAIN AND BANK STREETS. 

our merchants, by such a happy combination, could not have the buyers 
from the interior flocking to Norfolk to select their imported commodi- 
ties — by sample it might be— just as easily as foreign buyers are induced 
to flock to our port to procure cotton and other merchandise for 
shipment abroad. The problem can be solved ; it only needs the putting 
of wise heads together to obtain a practical and beneficial solution. We 
doubt not a joint stock company could be formed in our midst, with 
a little canvassing, for this purpose, with a small capital but good credit 
at first, to invite consignments from foreign houses. This would lead to 
similar undertakings along the line of our great railroad trade feeders in 
the South and West, with Norfolk as their entrepot. This consequent 
direct communication with the trade and money centres of Europe would 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



31 



induce our banks to deal uniformly and favorably in exchange and 
there would be no longer any delay or difficulty in the way of the 
shippers and importers through Norfolk effecting' all their foreign nego- 
tiations right in our city. This would lead to true commercial and 
financial independence. Such inducements would soon make the charter- 
ing of steamers to load for aud at this port at lowest rates easy of accom- 
plishment and redound materially to the benefit of ship and shipper and 
bring constantly new shippers to our port. A permanent line once 
established, the matter might be brought home to our Virginia Legislators 




THAYER'S STABLES— ATLANTIC STREET, NEAR MAIN. 



so forcibly that, urged by no sentimentality, but viewing it in an entirely 
selfish light, they might be induced to foster this line by means of 
-some immigration scheme, and thus effectively lighten the burden of gen- 
eral taxation through the State, by aiding to build up her Seaport City 
as a great trade centre, whose influence will be felt not in our Old Com- 
monwealth only, but throughout the whole country. 

We think Virginia owes this to her City by the Sea, for we have no 
hesitation in advancing the opinion that had the Elizabeth River been 
the boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina the fostering 
care of the State, added to her natural advantages, would have made our 



32 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 



city quadruple her present size. But the Virginia policy forbade this. 
Mr. Jefferson's old-time idea that large cities are sores on a Republic was 
ever uppermost and potential in the mind of the country member. 
Doubtless Mr. Jefferson was right and in the Bucolic age of the Republic 
his theory should have been sustained. But the battle of progress is no 
longer confined to the limited scope of a few agricultural communities 
and fewer commercial towns. Our people now number over fifty millions, 
with innumerable new pursuits and industries centring in large and 
powerful cities, which exercise an influence unknown and unthought 




gillllil§§l 

ST. MARY'S CHURCH— HOLT AND CHAPEL STREETS. 

of in that early day. If then Virginia would regain her ancient pres- 
tige, or even hold her present place in this great race of progress, she 
must cherish her Seaport City with a most devoted and untiring love. 
For out of her growth and progress must come many of the elements 
necessary to the regeneration and true development of our grand Old 
Mother State. 

We turn now from a review of the foreign trade of Norfolk, which has 
grown from the little acorn of 1866, to the young, vigorous tree, which 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



33 



yet bids fair to become one of the sturdiest oaks of the forest, to consider 
the channels of communication with the interior from which we have 
drawn, and must necessarily continue to draw our supplies upon which 
depend our foreign shipments. Thomas Jefferson, speaking of this city 
in May, 1787, remarked : " Norfolk will probably be the emporium for 
all the trade of the Chesapeake Bay and its waters, and a canal of eight or 
ten miles will bring to it all that of Albemarle Sound and its waters." 
To any intelligent observer of the geographical situation of Eastern 
North Carolina, it must be obvious that this rich and opulent region is 
the natural commercial ally of Norfolk. A long barrier of low sand 




DOBIE & COOKE'S-104 WATER STREET. 

hills extends along the Carolina coast, making the approach to her system 
of sounds and rivers dangerous and difficult. These obstructions ex- 
tend from Cape Henry to Cape Lookout, and it was in the full appreci- 
tion of this geographical feature that Mr. Jefferson, no doubt, suggested 
a canal connecting with Albemarle Sound; and at a later period, for the 
same reason, Mr. Macon, of North Carolina, advised the people of his 
State to avoid commerce and devote themselves to agriculture and 
manufactures. Within this vast barrier there is a great system of 
broad bays and tributary rivers which penetrate one of the most fertile 



M 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 



regions on the Continent. Albemarle, Currituck, Cove and Pamlico 
Sounds, with a dozen or more rivers of various sizes, empty into the 
great sheets of water which expand within the sand- bound coast line of 
which we have spoken. The rich counties lying upon these streams are 
put in direct communication with Norfolk by means of that great work, 
whose conception seems indicated in the opinion above quoted from Mr. 
Jefferson, The Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal. This work 
consists of two cuts: the first, known as the " Virginia," is eight (8) 
miles Ions:, and connects the bold waters of the Southern branch of the 
Elizabeth river (on which the Government dry dock, ship houses, &C, 



:-v 




ACADEMY, AND NORFOLK LIBRARY ASSOCIATION BUILDING. 
Bank, Charlotte and Cumberland Streets. 

are situated) with the North Landing river. The second is known as 
the " North Carolina cut," and furnishes a highway open at all seasous 
between North Carolina and Norfolk. This great work is. in complete 
order, and is used by the vast numbers of freight vessels plying between 
the waters of the two States. It has only one lock, 220 feet long by 40 
feet wide, through which vessels from 400 to 600 tons can pass. Its 
capacity is equal to an annual transportation of 30,000,000 tons. 
The following comparative statement of the work done by this canal 
in bringing supplies to our port during the fiscal years 1867-'68 (the 
first of which we have been able to find any official record in the Mer- 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 35 

chants' and Mechanics' Exchange), and 1879-'80, respectively, will show 
clearly the general increase of trade in the articles usually brought 
from the region opened up by this great inter-State channel of comraun- 
nication during the period of our review : 





i867-'68. 


1879-'80. 


Bales of cotton 


1(3,099 


77,608 


Barrels salt fish 


. 11,547 


5,980 


Barrels naval stores 


5,716 


20,679 


Casks spirits turpentine 


17 


1,818 


Bushels of corn 


111,630 


221,249 


Bushels of peas 


4,687 


29,582 


Bushels flaxseed 
Bushels potatoes 


451 
. 10,318 




69,708 


Bushels wheat 


5,526 


15,284 


Kegs of lard 


25 






Bacon, lbs, . 
Staves 


31,183 
2,470,269 




347,100 


Shingles 


45,813,865 


30,658,314 


Timber, feet 
Lumber, feet 


44,281 

. 6,496,664 




58,021,639 


Wood, cords 


6,523 


2,406 


Juniper logs, cords 




5,090 


• 


Railroad ties 


5,609 


96,663 


Rags, lbs. 
Old iron, lbs. 
Eggs, dozen 




215,828 
713,855 
173,089 






• 


Bushels peanuts 




44,093 




Bushels rice . 
Watermelons 




22 344 




461,058 



While these figures show that in a few articles the receipts have fallen 
off very considerably, it is owing to the fact that their production has 
materially diminished in the section from which they were derived, and 
their places have been more than filled by others equally as useful. 
It is true that the section referred to has also a large trade with Bal- 
timore, but it is only a question of time when the growing demands of 
our Norfolk market will absorb it all. Nearly 6,500 vessels of all 
descriptions passed through this canal during the last year, including 
the steamers of several lines which trade regularly between Norfolk and 
points in North Carolina. 

The Dismal Swamp Canal connects the same waters by another 



36 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

route, penetrating more of the swamp region. This is a very old work, 
and we read so far back as 1791, in an account of Norfolk borough, that 
this canal of 14 miles was about to be undertaken. From the same 
source we learn that there was at that time only 18 feet water in the 
channel of our magnificent harbor. No doubt the opening of this im- 
portant work had something to do, to say the least of it, with our 
present depth of water. During the late unfortunate war this line 
suffered severely, and the large interest owned by the United States in 
the improvement has proved of no advantage to it. Under orders from 
the War Department, the work was duly inspected and a report 
made that $325,000 would restore it to its original usefulness. 
Assiduous and repeated efforts were made 1o get the Congress of the 
United States to aid in the resuscitation of this valuable work, but in 
vain. In a strange spirit of economy or generosity — it is difficult to de- 
termine which — they preferred to sink the large amount (nearly $1,000,- 
000) already invested to making any further outlay for the work. 
The work was finally sold by the trustees for the holders of the mort- 
gage bonds ($200,000), after numerous postponements of the sale, for 
about the amount of the bonds and accrued interest. 

While there are evidences of decline in the trade through this 
canal during its last year under former auspices, we must attribute it 
to the misfortunes which have attended the work in consequence of the 
inadequate means available to keep it up to the necessary standard. We 
think, therefore, this decline is neither a reflection on the old man- 
agement nor an evidence of exhaustion of the section from which it 
brings its supplies. At present various improvements are being made 
all along the line of the canal. A dredge has been advantageously em- 
ployed in Turner's cut, where it has made a depth of seven feet all 
the way through. In the Gilmerton Level the depth of the water has 
been increased from four and a half to six feet. Bridges for the canal 
have been constructed, and also lighters and pile-drivers for general im- 
provement. When the weather will permit it, the canal banks are to be 
raised, and several dredges will be engaged in deepening the canal 
throughout its length so as to give a uniform depth of six feet. During 
the summer months all locks will be put in repair. Two regular pas- 
senger steamers are now running on the route between Norfolk and Eliz- 
abeth City. The company was recently completely reorganized, with 
one of our most enterprising and energetic citizens as its President, and 
an efficient general Superintendent and well-selected Board of Directors 
composed of some of our best business men. This result was probably 
the best thing that could have happened for the canal, as it is now 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 37 

wholly untrammeled by Government control, and with the introduction 
of a little new blood in its old veins may be made, not only what it has 
been in the past, a useful trade-feeder to our market, but a most profit- 
able investment to the owners. 

By these canals we have not only a route to North Carolina from Nor- 
folk and return, but a through route North up Cheasapeake bay through 
the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal to Delaware bay; then by the Delaware 
and Raritan Canal to Raritan river, and thus to New York harbor; 
while southwardly there is already five feet water to Beaufort, which 
will be Improved to eight feet; thence there will be an inland waterway 
to Wilmington, N. C, and along the whole coast of South Carolina 
and Georgia, and there is no doubt that the time is near when 
there will be inland navigation for the entire route from the Chesapeake 
to Florida, forming a complete inner coast line from North to South, 
with Norfolk as the central point of the line. 

Before concluding our remarks on the water-ways by which our city 
is connected with the surrounding world, we should, perhaps, mention 
the different steam transportation companies, of which more extended 
notice is given in another part of this work. 

That general favorite, the old " Bay Line, " furnishes a daily 
passenger steamer, with admirable appointments in every respect, up the 
Bay to Baltimore and return, and supplements it with freight boats, 
safe and good carriers, running to suit the requirements of trade. We 
have also two popular lines up the Potomac to Washington and river 
landings, so run jointly as to give daily communication between the 
present Capitol and future metropolis of our great country. We are 
connected with New York City by the Old Dominion S. S. Line, 
whose excellent facilities enable them to meet all the demands of busi- 
ness by tri-weekly steamers, increased to daily ones, when necessary to 
meet a corresponding increase of shipments. This line has also a num- 
ber of useful auxiliary ones, which have proved of incalculable advan- 
tage to our city in affording navigation of the numerous rivers, which 
flow into the Chesapeake, and thus bringing the products of the adja- 
cent country to our market. We are indebted to the Clyde Line, 
not only for direct steam communication with Philadelphia, but for their 
great enterprise in developing a trade between our city and many inte- 
rior points, by means of minor lines in connection with their main line. 
The James River country is made tributary to us by a well-managed 
company bearing the name (Virginia Steamboat Company), which 
runs a tri-weekly steamer during six months of the year, and a daily boat 
during the season when business demands further accommodation. A 



38 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

close connection with the Eastern cities is effected by the Merchants' 
and Miners' Transportation Company, which gives us safe and 
ample accommodation for sending our products to the New England 
markets through Boston and Providence, and receiving their manufac- 
tures in return. These lines have proved invaluable, in the season, to 
our truck shippers, and afford delightful Summer excursions. Their 
passenger accommodations give universal satisfaction, and no pleasanter 
trip can be found for those who desire a breath of sea breeze and a short 
ocean voyage, whose brevity prevents tedium. Space forbids special 
mention here, but there are, in addition to these, innumerable small 
craft, both sail and steam, spoken of at length elsewhere, which make a 
business of plying our waters and swelling the receipts at our port from 
the neighboring country to a very handsome figure. 

The Norfolk and Petersburg Division of the A., M. & O. 
R. R., which began its operations in September, 1858, is 80 miles in 
length from this city to Petersburg, where it connects with the Southside 
Road, running from Petersburg to Lynchburg, and there joins with the 
Virginia and Tennessee Road to Bristol. These three Roads, before the 
late war, were owned by separate and generally conflicting interests, and 
the consequence was that little more than a way business was done by 
any of them. The termination of the war found them all in a most 
lamentable condition — their treasuries empty, their credit destroyed, 
their bridges, many of them, burned, their rails, in many places, torn 
up, and what were not torn up, worn out, and their rolling-stock in a 
most dilapidated plight. For a year or two after the war they strug- 
gled on in a lingering attempt, at separate existence, until finally, in an 
auspicious hour for Norfolk, a consolidation of the three Roads was ef- 
fected, under the name of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad, 
with a charter that provided for the extension of the consolidated Road 
to meet the system of Kentucky Roads, and authorized a loan of 
$15,000,000 to repair and properly equip the whole line. A large part 
of this loan was negotiated in Europe, and the consolidated line became 
an accomplished fact, giving to the city of Norfolk, as its terminus, im- 
mediate advantages which it never before possessed, and an unbroken 
Western communication to the Mississippi River at Memphis. 

The A., M. & O. R. R. extends 408 miles from Norfolk, on the Sea, 
to the western verge of our old Commonwealth at Bristol, where it 
connects with the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Road, to Chat- 
tanooga, and there with the Memphis and Charleston Road toMemphis on 
the Mississippi. Freights between Memphis and all points east of it, and 
this city, are carried both ways without breaking bulk, and cars loaded in 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



39 




40 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE J 

Memphis with cotton are brought through direct to our wharves and 
their freight delivered to the ship that is to carry it to Europe, or other 
foreign destination. To this consolidation of Roads is given the name 
of Virginia and Tennessee Air Line. The Atlantic, Mississippi and 
Ohio Road, with the connections we have mentioned, passes through 
Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, But in most 
of these States this trunk line is intersected by other Roads, crossing it 
North and South, and thus forming feeders that bring their tribute to 
swell its transportation. Among others, we may mention the Cincin- 
nati Southern, which, coming down from Cincinnati, meets it at Chat- 
tanooga, and being of the same guage, can deliver its freight in cars that 
will run down over the trunk line to Norfolk with bulk unbroken. At 
Chattanooga we also meet the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis 
Railroad, connecting us with Nashville and St. Louis, and the Alabama 
and Chattanooga Road, through Alabama to Meridan, Miss., and con- 
necting there with the Vicksburg and Meridan Road, running through 
the heart of Mississippi to Vicksburg. At Dalton, Ga., we meet the 
Western and Atlantic Road from Atlanta, Ga., the great Southern Rail- 
road centre, and the Selma, Rome and Dalton Road, running 236 miles 
through Alabama to Selma and Montgomery. At Decatur, Alabama, 
we cross the Louisville, Nashville and Great Southern Road, running 
from Nashville. Tenn., to Montgomery, Ala., 300 miles. At Corinth 
we intersect the Mobile & Ohio Road, running 250 miles due South, 
through the State of Mississippi, and thence 83 miles to Mobile, Ala- 
bama, where it connects with the New Orleans and Mobile Road, to New 
Orleans. At Grand Junction, Tennessee, we connect with the Missis- 
sippi Central, running south through Holly Springs and Grenada, to 
Jackson, Mississippi, and thence to Vicksburg and New Orleans. And 
at Memphis we strike the Mississippi River, the greatest of all the water 
highways of the country, and there tap the mighty commerce that min- 
gles in its volume, the grain of the West and the cotton of the South. 
At Memphis, too, we find the Eastern terminus of the Memphis & Little 
Rock Railroad, stretching out beyond the Mississippi, through the corn 
and cotton fields of Arkansas, to Little Rock, and thence onward, with 
its connections, to the Empire State of Texas, producing this year more 
than a million bales of cotton, the greatest part of which must seek ulti- 
mate shipment from the Atlantic coast. With such a system of con- 
necting Roads, all of which contribute, more or less, to the quota of 
our commerce, it is not strange that the receipts at Norfolk over the 
Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Road have steadily increased year to year 
until the footings of cotton alone show the amount received from Sep- 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



41 



tember 1, 1880, to March 1, 1881, to be 225,949 bales, or an excess 
of 24,294 bales over the receipts of the corresponding period of the 
previous year. 

This Road became financially embarassed in 1874 in consequence of 
the great commercial crisis of 1873, followed by a series of mishaps 
which rendered it impossible, despite a vigorous management, to prevent 
a default of interest on the Mortgage Bonds. In consequence of this 
an appeal was made to the courts by the Trustees, at the instigation 
of the Bondholders, which resulted in the Road's passing into the hands 
of Receivers, in June, 1876. Returning prosperity and continued good 
management gave promise of an ability, at no remote future, to meet all 






§S§L\ 



: 



gfe=»^^^^ 3 




UPSHUR GUANO CO.'S FACTORY, BAIN'S WHARF, PORTSMOUTH. 

its demands ; but it was deemed inexpedient to permit the Road to re- 
main longer in a status, which, being necessarily temporary, must to a 
considerable extent impair its growth and progress. An order of sale 
by U. S. Circuit Court was in consequence promulgated, and the day of 
the sale fixed for Nov. 1, 1880. A postponement was made on that day 
till Feb. 10, 1881, and an application for further delay having been de- 
nied, the sale was consummated. In their last report for the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1880, the Receivers, incidentally referring to the for- 
eign commerce of Norfolk, remark : " The management of the Mem- 
phis & Charleston Railroad is making preparations to transport grain in 
large quantities from the Northwest to the Seaboard, and with proper 
efforts a large share of this business can be secured to Norfolk." 



42 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

No wonder, then, under all these circumstances, that our city's deep 
interest in the impending fate of the road kept our people in a state of 
mingled hope and fear as to the result of the sale. The loss of the 
city's large interest (7,000 shares) would be a small matter compared 
with the almost utter ruin that would await her commercial prospects 
should this road fall into unfriendly hands. 

The purchase of the road, however, by Clarence H. Clarke, Esq., of 
Philadelphia, for himself and associates, will doubtless prove a most for- 
tuitous circumstance for our city's future, for from the best authority we 
learn that their policy will be generally conciliatory, and that a Virginia 
company will be shortly organized to take and exercise the franchise in 
accord with our State laws, and the name of the road changed to the 
Norfolk and Western Railroad. The State, Cities, and private stock- 
holders and all just claimants against the old company will be liberally 
and generously dealt with. The new management, moreover, propose 
to complete the Cumberland Gap Road within two years, and look for- 
ward to making this line a continuous one from the Pacific to the Atlan- 
tic, with Norfolk as the eastern terminus. If these views are carried out 
— and why should they not be, with ample means and under a liberal pol- 
icy, which will ultimately pay well? — the two fondest hopes and bright- 
est anticipations of our city since consolidation, will be realized, and our 
commercial prosperity established. 

The Shenandoah Valley Road, with which Mr. Clarke is identified, 
so far from having conflicting interests with Norfolk's consolidation, 
will be a feeder to the extent of the shipments of Manganese Qre and 
other minerals suitable for foreign markets, in which the rich section 
through which that Road will run, abounds, and will seek a port for 
them at Norfolk. As evidence that our hopes and wishes have substantial 
foundation, we give below the views of Judge Robert W. Hughes, as 
expressed in a reply on the 14th of February to a letter of enquiry on 
this subject, addressed to him by the Editor of The Norfolk Land- 
mark. His opinion will be fully accredited by all who know hisjudgment 
and experience in the matters whereof he speaks : " The speedy and cer- 
tain result of combining our Road with the Louisville and Nashville 
system will be to precipitate upon Norfolk, in a few seasons, a mass of 
Western and Northwestern trade in the form of grain, meats, tobacco 
and other products commensurate in magnitude with the cotton trade 
that we have enjoyed for a few years past ; and to raise ours almost at 
once into the second shipping port of the Atlantic Seaboard." 

Under the management of the Receivers a new freight depot at Nor- 
folk has recently been completed, and nearly 1,500,000 bushels of 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



43 



oyster shells will have been used in raising and widening the depot 
grounds. The excavations from the front of the wharf are also being used 
for this purpose. Rapid progress has also been made in improving and 
extending the Company's wharf at this point, above the old draw bridge, 
which, when completed,will be 715 feet long^with a uniform width oi 20 
feet, and 6 feet above high-water mark. There will be a depth of water 
at it of about 20 feet. Upon the foundation, before referred to, and just 
back of the wharf proper, a guano warehouse, 275 feet long by 50 feet 
wide, and a grain elevator, 150 feet long and 50 feet wide, will be 
erected. These buildings will be each 9 feet above high- water mark. And 
now the old draw bridge, that relic of our good, old easy-going times, 




M. A. & C. A. SANTOS'— MAIN AND ATLANTIC STREETS. 



ought to be removed to make way for our progress, and the Eastern 
branch of our River thus thrown wide open to navigation at least as far 
up as the Railroad bridge. 

But these terminal facilities are not all that the requirements of the 
Company's growing business demands, and we are glad to learn that 
representatives of the new management will shortly visit Norfolk, inves- 
tigate the needs of the Road at this point, and endeavor to make ade- 
quate preparations for the business of the near future. We will then 
have work commenced on the anticipated grain elevator and cotton com- 
press without longer delay ; as at least one of each will be absolutely 
necessary at that point to begin with. As the learned gentleman, pre- 
viously quoted from, pertinently remarks in the same connection : 



44 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



" The A., M. & O. Road has found its true affinity, and under its 
new auspices it will achieve for Virginia and Norfolk all the great re- 
sults that we have anticipated from it in our most sanguine moments. " 

To which we have only to add : We had much better have sunk forever 
the whole amount subscribed by State and City — and if need be, as much 
more — than have lost the impetus to prosperity which the introduction 
of this new and vitalizing element will inevitably give to the Road, and 
through it to our City and the whole State. 

The Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad was completed in 1851 
from Portsmouth to Weldon, N. C. This Road suffered greatly during the 
war in the loss of bridges, destruction of rails and depreciation of rolling 
stock ; but immediately after the war the work of repair and restoration 
was beo-un, and it was soon placed in complete running order. It is one 




HOME SAVINGS BANK— MAIN STREET AND ROANOKE AVE. 

of the few Southern Roads that has not been compelled, through finan- 
cial embarrassments, to change hands since the war. Forming, as it 
does, a connecting link between Norfolk and the whole system of Roads 
throughout the South Atlantic and Gulf States it is one of the main 
arteries of our trade. This Road connects, at its southern terminus, 
Weldon, with the Raleigh and Gaston Road, leading to Raleigh, the 
Capital of North Carolina, where it is met by the Raleigh and Au- 
gusta Railroad, from Hamlet, S. C. Beyond Raleigh the R. and A. 
R. R. is intersected by the Carolina Central Road from Wilmington to 
Charlotte. At Charlotte we find the Atlantic, Tennessee and Ohio, 
connecting with the N. C. R. R. to Asheville, the Charlotte, Colum- 
bia and Augusta R. R. to Columbia and Augusta, and the Atlanta 
and Charlotte Air-Line leading to Augusta, Georgia, and there strik- 






6 



b 



N 




ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 45 

ino- the whole system of Railroads of Western Georgia. From Atlanta, 
the Atlanta and West Point and Western Alabama Roads extend to 
Montgomery, where they connect with the Mobile and Montgomery 
Road to Mobile, and thence via the New Orleans and Mobile Road to 
New Orleans. All these Roads, starling from Norfolk on the Seaboard 
and Roanoke Railroad, with one or two exceptions, give through bills 
of lading to Norfolk, and constitute what is known as the "Seaboard 

Air Line."; 

The Seaboard and Roanoke Road also forms the connecting link 
from Norfolk with the Roads composing "The Atlantic Coast Line." 
This system, starting from Norfolk over the Seaboard and Roanoke 
Railroad, at Weldon takes the Wilmington and Weldon Road to Wil- 
mington, thence connecting with the Wilmington, Columbia and Au- 
gusta Road to Columbia, where it meets the Spartansburg and Union 
Railroad to Spartansburg, and the Greenville and Columbia Road to 
Greenville, with branches to Laurens and Blue Ridge, S. C. At Flor- 
ence on the W. C. and A. Road, it connects with the Cheraw and 
Darlington Railroad to Cheraw, and with the North Carolina Eastern 
Railroad to Charleston, S. C. ; whence it extends by way of the Sa- 
vannah and Charleston Road to Savannah, and thence via the Atlantic 
and Gulf Road and the Florida Central Road to Jacksonville, Fla. 

The Atlantic Coast LiNE,with its trunk roads, runs the entire length 
of the South Atlantic Coast from Norfolk to Jacksonville, taking in the 
chief seaport cities (whence its name), and is moreover fed by numerous 
connections with Roads running up through the central and western 
parts of the Carolinas and Georgia. At Columbia, S. C, the Atlantic 
Coast Line meets the, Piedmont Air Line extending over the Charlotte, 
Columbia and Augusta Road to Augusta, and over the Georgia Road to 
Atlanta, Macon and Athens. 

The S. & R. R., which has added materially to the trade and commerce 
of our port, and built up for itself a magnificent business since the war, 
has, nevertheless, suffered severely through opposing Railroad combina- 
tions hostile to our port. But by perfecting slowly and surely its In- 
terior connections, it is rapidly regaining the trade lost to our City a 
few years ago. The receipts of Cotton alone from the 1st September, 
1880, to March 1, 1881, by this Road were 277,388 bales —an ex- 
cess of 58,451 bales over the receipts of same time in the preceding yeai. 
We are pleased to be able to say that, to meet its growing business, this 
road has been compelled to largely extend its wharf facilities — which are 
on the Portsmouth side of our harbor — and build large additional store- 
room. The erection of two, or perhaps three, cotton compresses on the 



46 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

wharf front of the city, which will be connected by sidetracks with the 
main tracks of this Road, is also contemplated before the beginning of 
the next Cotton season. 

Leaving the two old-established Railroad lines, with their respective 
termini located in the Northern and Southern Cities of our common 
harbor, which have already demonstrated their usefulness in developing 
our trade and commerce, we turn to the consideration of a new candidate 
for public favor, the Elizabeth City and Norfolk Railroad. The 
Northern division of this Road is 43 miles long, and extends from 
Elizabeth City, N. C, to this harbor, in the village of Berkley. It is 
designed, we learn, to build another division of 30 miles during the 
coming Summer to the Chowan River, and afterwards to seek rail con- 
nections with the South and Southwest. Without waiting for these more 
remote extensions, we see great good in store for our commerce in the 
fuller development it will give to the rich Sound country, and we be- 
lieve that its facilities for quicker transit to market will stop at our 
doors much of the traffic now passing us enroute to Baltimore. We also 
learn that, notwithstanding the delay in completing the Road to Eliza- 
beth City, caused by the unusually severe winter, very considerable pro- 
gress has been made. The grading and bridges have been finished ; 
material has been obtained and stored ; the equipment secured and made 
ready for use ; the track laying begun and is now advancing at a rate 
which will enable the Road to be opened for business within sixty days 
from date (March 5th.) The equipment is said to be, by those who 
have inspected it, very complete and handsome, and in accordance with 
the approved standards of the day. The Road has been especially for- 
tunate in acquiring terminal property, both at Elizabeth City and in 
this harbor. The latter comprises some twelve acres, and is capable, 
when improved, of providing unequaled facilities for all purposes. Ex- 
tensive docks and wharves have been placed under contract, and will be 
completed by Midsummer. Arrangements are contemplated in con- 
nection therewith, which will give the Road great advantages in the 
way of terminal changes. At Elizabeth City, with a water-front of 
some eighteen hundred feet on the Pasquotank River, every facility will 
be provided for the convenient discharge of freight by vessels of any 
size or description. At each point there is a depth of water in excess of 
the requirements of the largest steamers or vessels entering either har- 
bor. We find it to be very generally believed that the certainty and 
despatch in transportation which will be afforded by this Railroad to the 
products of Eastern North Carolina and its waters will insure not only 
a marked development and advanced value to that locality, but a fair 



ITS PRINCIPAL, INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



47 



remuneration upon the capital which has been invested by those who 
have evinced their confidence in the country tributary to the Road. 

We believe that the advent of early produce by this Road will so 
rouse the truckers in the vicinity of Norfolk to the necessity of greater 
facilities for bringing their crops to market as to cause a demand on 
the Ocean View Railroad for a branch to SeawelFs Point, with large 




PETER SMITH & CO.— 144 MAIN STREET. 



additions in the way of freight cars to its present limited rolling-stock, 
adapted only to pleasure travel ; while the more remote dwellers on the 
banks of the Lynuhaven River and that neighborhood will call for 
an extension to some convenient point on that River. This must be 
speedily followed by the construction of the Norfolk and Princess 
Anne Railroad, the right of way for which has already been secured, 
and the surveys duly made via London Bridge from Norfolk to the 



48 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

Atlantic Ocean at The Hollies. The fine stock of timber and the un- 
developed resources of the good old county of Princess Anne only need 
the opening of this avenue to market to have them fully appreciated. 

It has often been remarked by visitors to the Seaside that one of its 
sand-hills in a city would be a mine for builders. We think that the 
transportation of this sand in sufficient quantities to be useful would be 
perfectly practicable by this Road. Moreover, this Road would open 
up a fertile region of Princess Anne county, now shut out by its distance 
from market, which, from its proximity to the mollifying breezes of the 
Ocean is from 10 days to two weeks in advance of the garden farms in 
near proximity to our city. Unfortunately, the party who mainly under- 
took the first construction of this Road, either labored under a delusion 
as to his ability to get the necessary funds or was deceived by his friends, 
for the consequence has been that this enterprise has received a set-back 
of several years. But we are happy to learn that immediate steps 
are to be taken to construct it as a pleasure road to the Ocean, and its 
expansion into: a business corporation will soon be effected. 

One more link in the iron chain that is binding us more and more 
closely to the great West, and by which she is destined to draw us to 
the goal of our prosperity in her qwn great march of progress, and our 
story of the Railroad connections of our City by the Sea is complete. 
In the honeymoon days of our Western alliance by the consolida- 
tion of our Sopthside Roads, we were not specially drawn towards this 
distant connection. Its probable usefulness in the remote future was per- 
haps acknowledged ; but its possible benefits were generally lost 
sight of in the immediate certainties of the A. M. and O. R. R. 
Little by little, however, the Chesapeake Ohio & Railroad has 
forced itself upon our notice by bringing to Our midst the products of 
the great West, through its water connection at Richmond, until we have 
begun to realize that we can be independent of Baltimore, and that we 
have in our old Commonwealth a Road whose complete connections 
with the West and the Northwest will soon make it a formidable rival 
of that gigantic corporation, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, as now completed and in 
operation, is 432 miles long, and traverses from east to west, the States 
of Virginia and West Virginia. Its present eastern terminus is Rich- 
mond, from which it extends to the west bank of the Big Sandy River, 
(the dividing line between West Virginia and Kentucky). The 
Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy Road, now being rap- 
idly pushed to completion, here joins it, and will form its connecting 
link, via Lexington, Ky., with Railroads of the West and Southwest. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



49 



In addition to its main line, it has over 100 miles of branches' to Coal 
and Iron Mines. 

This Road, like all our Virginia Roads, with rare exceptions, fell a 
victim to the financial panic of 1873, and in consequence passed through 
the usual hands of a Receiver, was subsequently sold, and purchased by 
the bondholders. Now, under the vigorous management of Mr. Hunting- 
don, who is President, assisted by an able and energetic Virginia Vice 
President, General Wickham, the Road bids fair to win all those advan- 
tages which its location and connections entitle it to. 

The principal western terminus of this Road is at Huntingdon, on the 
Ohio River, 150 miles above Cincinnati. Steamboat and barge trans- 
portation on the River will give it a connection with the Western Roads 




HYGEIA HOTEL, OLD POINT COMFORT, VA— H. PHOEBUS. 

until its rail connections are completed. The Elizabethtown, Lexington 
and Big Sandy Railroad has been recently completed from its junction 
with the Chesapeake and Ohio at the Big Sandy River, 8 miles below 
Huntingdon, to Ashland, Ky., on the Ohio River, 15 miles below Hun- 
tingdon, and trains are now running to that point. The distances inter- 
vening between Ashland and rail connections West are as follows, viz : 
From Ashland to Portsmouth, Ohio, on the north bank of the Ohio, 
where connection will be made with the Sciota Valley Railroad for Chil- 
licothe, Columbus, Toledo, Chicago, and the Northwest, about 33 miles. 
Parties interested in the Sciota Valley Railroad are now building a rail- 
road from. Portsmouth to a point opposite Ashland, to form a connection 
with the Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy and the Chesapeake 
and Ohio, which will be completed within three months. From Ports- 
mouth to Cincinnati, about 110 miles. From Ashland to Cincinnati, by 
either the Kentucky or Ohio bank of the river, about 140 miles. The 



50 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad Company was or- 
ganized under a charter from the State of Kentucky, for the purpose of 
building a road from the junction with the Chesapeake and Ohio, above 
referred to, to Lexington, Kentucky, where it will connect with the 
Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington Railroad for Louisville, St. Louis, 
and the Southwest, with the Kentucky Central and the Cincinnati South- 
ern, northward to Cincinnati and southward to Chattanooga. Thirty- 
three miles of this Road, from Lexington eastward to Mount Sterling, 
were built in 1873. In the month of June last the remainder of the 
Road was put under contract, and the route via Ashland, Kentucky, de- 
termined upon ; since which time the Road has been completed from the 
Big Sandy River to Ashland, as above stated, from which point there 
are 14 miles more of completed road to Rush Station, leaving 75 miles 
to be completed to perfect the through connection, all of which is in pro- 
cess of rapid construction. With the completion of the above link the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway will become a great trunk line, having 
decided advantages in grades and climate over the older east and west 
lines ; and also in distances from nearly all important points west of the 
Alleghanies to the Seaboard. 

The Springfield, Jackson and Pomeroy Railroad Company (whose 
gauge is now the same as that of the C. and O., viz., the Western stand- 
ard gauge) propose extending their road down to the Ohio River, oppo- 
site Huntingdon, there to connect with the C. and O., which has a fran- 
chise for bridging the Ohio at that point, and thus make a short line to 
Chicago and the Northwest via Springfield and Dayton. Besides the 
present through business and the additional which will soon be derived 
from these new connections, the C. and O. has admirable resources for 
local traffic. Among the chief of these are coal, iron, and lumber, of 
which the quantities, qualities and varieties are probably unequaled by 
those on the line of any other railroad in the country, and which can be 
cheaply produced and transported to the market. This Company have 
also made arrangements for the immediate construction of a road from 
their eastern terminus down the Peninsula, between the York and James 
Rivers, to Newport News, which is located on the deep waters of the 
Chesapeake Bay, at Hampton Roads, near the Capes of Virginia and the 
open Sea. 

Mr. Huntingdon, in his report to the directors, made December 16, 
1880, remarks : " A very good line, with easy grades, has been obtained 
in about 75 miles distance. Nothing in the work to be done need delay 
the completion of this line beyond the time of opening the road to Lex- 
ington, say by the first of June next. Abundant labor is to be had on 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 51 

the Peninsula during the Winter, and it is therefore to the interest of the 
Company to have this work far advanced, so that its early completion 
will be interfered with as little as possible by the demand for farm labor 
in the Spring. The work of construction down the Peninsula has been 
commenced, and should be completed, at the latest, by the first of July, 
1881. " Ample means have been provided for the construction of this 
Road, and lands have been secured having considerable frontage on deep 
water, and two wharves have been contracted for to extend out to 
twenty-five feet of water at low tide, with the necessary coal-tipples and 
shoots for coaling both regular coastwise vessels in the trade and other 
vessels wanting fuel, and with the most approved facilities for the hand- 
ling and transfer of general merchandise and agricultural products. 

We wish this new connection all prosperity, as we fully believe it is 
but another step towards building a great city on the present site and 
vicinity of our own seaport. Naturally we would have preferred that 
this Road should have made arrangements with the two roads now run- 
ning between this city and Richmond for the use of their roadbeds for 
an independent track for the C. and O. But as this was deemed im- 
practicable by the management, we think that no better route could have 
been chosen to deep water than the one selected by them. There is no 
more safe and commodious harbor than Hampton Roads, and the close 
proximity of Newport News (less than 12 miles distant) will make it 
more our ally than a rival. The beneficial result to Norfolk from the 
completion of this Eastern extension of the C. and O. R. R. to Newport 
News, provided our people exercise the proper energy and enterprise, 
can readily be foreseen. Newport News would make a grand and con- 
venient coaling depot, of which our Steamship Agents would gladly 
avail themselves, and whose ready access and facilities for dispatch 
would soon make very popular. This would economize wharf room at 
Norfolk. A safe and substantial ferry-boat (such as used by the Erie R. 
R. at New York) adapted to the simultaneous transportation of 6, or 
even 8, loaded cars, will doubtless be provided, and the cars brought 
directly to the wharves at Norfolk without breaking bulk. And there 
will be ample room for a capacious depot for receiving cargoes and 
reshipping them when it is desired, on our new wharf front so soon as 
the improvements, designed and already commenced, are completed. 
Even should this plan not be carried out, we might still avail ourselves 
of the means for receiving and handling grain of this new railroad 
terminus, so near our doors, and make Newport News our " Locust 
Point. " An editorial representative of a Baltimore journal, on a recent 
visit to our city, thus commented on this matter : "True, the grain will 



52 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

not go to Norfolk, but inasmuch as the point is only 12 miles off and 
directly on the road to the city, it will answer all the purposes of Locust 
Point. It does not need the eye of prophecy to see that when ships are 
able to get cargoes of grain at the News, and cotton at Norfolk, the 
strongest inducement for vessel owners to consign their ships to Balti- 
more for a cargo will no longer exist. Of course all this belongs to the 
future; but it is a future which is treading closely on the heels of the 
present. " 

In view of these grand railroad combinations ; united, we think, pre- 
senting an irresistable power of progress in advancing the growth and 
prosperity of Norfolk; who can doubt her ultimate destiny? And yet 
our own people must not, cannot, afford to sit still while we have this 
greatness thrust upon us. Let them be up and doing, and let the same 
effort be made which proved successful, after so many years of neglect] 
in obtaining just in time to prevent irremediable damage, Government 
aid for the improvement or rather restoration of our harbor. There is 
something else we would ask of the United States besides the good work 
in this direction already progressing so favorably, and that is the retro- 
cession to the State of Virginia of that valuable property known as Old 
Fort Norfolk, to be used by the city of Norfolk as an immigrant depot. 
Here We find bold water and an admirable location for a second "Castle 
Garden and the Battery." At least a portion of the space might be re- 
served for this purpose, and all the railroads terminating at Norfolk might 
unite in building commodious docks for the steamships of a " Grand 
Trans- Atlantic Transportation Company" for Great Britain and the Con- 
tinent — (also a joint venture) — and in erecting a magnificent " Grand 
Union Depot," connected by tracks or '$ track-laid " transports with their 
respective depots. As the city expands under the pressure of circum- 
stances, the distance to Seawell's Point, less than 8 miles, will rapidly 
decrease, until it becomes practically nothing, and in the course of years 
this location could be readily substituted for that of Old Fort Norfolk, 
and could be speedily reached by the extended tracks of the A., M. & 
O., S. &.R., and E. C. & N. Railroads, while the distance to Newport 
News would be less than 4 miles. 

We have already referred to the Cotton Exchange and its great 
usefulness as far as it goes. Once develop the trade which we have been 
discussing in reference to the new railroad connections and combinations 
and the necessities of the case will soon compel the establishment of To- 
bacco, Grain and other Produce Exchanges, who will be equally useful in 
>■ recording the transactions in their respective articles of merchandise, and 
like authority on questions of trade arising in and from them. Selected 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



53 



from these various Exchanges there might be a Board of Trade, with 
legalized functions, which would give proper force and authority to their 
decisions in all matters of arbitration or on appeals that might be brought 
before them from the separate Exchanges. The members of this Board 
might also be, ex-officio, directors or trustees to guard the city's interest in 
the great scheme of an Immigrant Depot, and the dock and warehouse 
accommodations for Trans-atlantic Trade above referred to. We have 
already alluded incidentally to the neglect of our valuable harbor by the 
general Government. Certainly in our case the Scriptural precept, that 
much shall be given to him that has much, was not obeyed. But had 
we neglected our ten talents ? 

Whatever may be the truth in this respect, and whatever may have 
been the other causes that led to the deplorable result, two things are 




COTTON EXCHANGE BUILDING— WATER STREET. 

certainly facts : Our harbor had been, to some considerable extent, de- 
teriorated by its use, and in a measure its abuse, by the Government as 
a naval anchorage, and nothing had been done by the authorities towards 
its restoration or improvement prior to 1876; while most liberal appro- 
priations had been made for rivers and harbors of comparatively little 
national importance. 

Steps were taken, however, at home in this most important matter, 
and a law passed in February, 1875, by the State Legislature, under 
which, in the following April, the Governor appointed a Harbor Com- 
mission for the Port of Norfolk and Portsmouth. The selection of mem- 



54 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

bers was an excellent one, and was strengthened by the advisory board 
of experienced Engineer Officers, detailed by the President of the United 
States at the request of the State Executive. 

The influence of this body backing up the efforts of our Representa- 
tives in Congress has secured appropriations for the improvement of our 
harbor which, while insignificant when compared to the importance of the 
work, has, under judicious management, produced most favorable results. 
A little over $200,000 has already been secured for the work done and 
to be done, and about as large an amount in addition will be required to 
complete the improvements as originally projected. So far considerable 
improvements have been made in the inner harbor, consisting in the re- 
moval of certain mud flats which obstructed the channel way to the 
wharves on both sides of the River, as well as up the Southern and East- 
ern branches and at Berkley point, where the E. City and N". R. R. 
wharf and contiguous wharves are being built. The channel way to 
Town Point, which has been gradually filling up for some years past, 
has now been deepened sufficiently to admit the largest vessels, which 
yearly find cargoes at this Point. When completed these Harbor im- 
provements will have also secured a channel at hast 500 feet wide and 25 
feet deep (at loio water) from the inner harbor and the U. S. Navy Yard 
to the deep water of Hampton Roads. In keeping with this improved 
condition of our harbor, and to supply the demand of our steadily in- 
creasing commerce, active efforts are now being made to increase our 
wharf and dock accommodations for vessels of all sizes; to furnish addi- 
tional room for storage of cargoes and to give greater facilities for their 
reception and dispatch. 

A resolution was passed by our City Councils in February, 1880, 
which resulted in the appointment of a commission, consisting of ten of 
our citizens, imbued with the spirit of progress, " to deliberate and re- 
port on the development and improvement of the City of Norfolk, its 
streets, sanitary condition, sewerage, drainage, and whatever may be ne- 
cessary for the health and business prosperity of the same. " 

Our City Councils are taking the necessary steps for the condemnation 
of the lands west of Grauby street, in order to carry out the recommen- 
dations of the Improvement Commission to dredge out and establish a 
canal from that street to the Port Warden's line not less than 160 feet 
wide and 20 feet deep, and to lay off on each side of the said canal a 
street 60 feet wide. This will be but the beginning of that line of 
improvement, which is to make useful for our trade and commerce that 
portion of our water-front extending along a line drawn from the Boston 
wharf, west end of Main street, to the wharves at Atlantic City just 



ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



55 



west of the mouth of Smith's Creek. A future contingency, perhaps, 
but not so remote as one, who has failed to mark the inarch of progress 
in this section for the past decade, might suppose. 

The improvement in the pavement of our principal thoroughfare is 
an evidence of a general improvement in this line for the future, and 
steps taken to remove the present barriers, which mar their usefulness by 
suddenly terminating most of our principal streets, is most gratifying. 

In connection with the adoption by our Councils of the proper sani- 
tary measures, it may not be amiss to say a few words in regard to the 




PURCELL HOUSE, MAIN AND CHURCH STREETS— R. T. JAMES. 

general health of our city. Just after the war of '12, when the death- 
rate among the troops stationed on Craney Island and other points in 
the vicinity had been fearfully large, partly owing to bad water, but in 
a great degree to imprudence, Norfolk enjoyed a most unenviable repu- 
tation as to health. 

Forty years of steady improvement in Sanitary Statistics had nearly 
eradicated this unjust prejudice against our city and its neighborhood; in 
fact, the death-rate during the Summer of 1854 was phenomenally small, 
when the fearful scourge of 1855, introduced by the Steamship Ben 



56 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

Franklin, from the African coast, fell like a deadly simoon, blasting with 
its hot breath a commercial prosperity which then gave the most bril- 
liant promises. We have neither time nor inclination to discuss the re- 
sponsibility of that introduction. We are dealing only with its effects. 
It is our belief, however, that the continued healthfuless of our city for a 
quarter of a century, at least, had produced the same result that springs 
from continued prosperity; an overweening sense of security, that, syren- 
like, lulled our authorities to sleep. 

Two winters of unusual severity followed in due course the summer of 
the fever, and the ill effects of that disaster continued to vanish year by 
year. The war followed in '61, and the unsurpassed health of the troops 
stationed in and around the city during the war fully established its 
excellent reputation from a sanitary point of view. Subsequent years 
have only tended to strengthen this reputation. 

A careful study of a topographical map of our city demonstrates 
clearly that a splendid drainage can be given it and the entire vicinity 
by preserving the natural watercourses, in keeping open the channels 
of our creeks, and connecting them by a system of cuts or canals. 
In this connection, we find the city has reserved the right, for all time, 
to use the canal west of Granby street, previously referred to, for sani- 
tary purposes, by running all drains now opened, or to be opened, into 
it, when the authorities shall see fit to do so. The " Improvement Com- 
mission, " looking also to the sanitary improvement of the city, recom- 
mended the cutting of a canal, at least 40 feet wide, to connect the heads 
of Smith's and Newton's creeks, and made other very valuable sugges- 
tions as to drainage, which, through the recent action of our Councils in 
appointing a committee to consult with an eminent Sanitary Engineer, 
will no doubt, with some slight modifications at most, be fully carried 
out. 

But the Commission did not consider that the sanitary advantages — 
though paramount — thus secured any greater than the commercial re- 
sults which they expect to immediately follow the opening of the canal. 
They look to see a line of wharf fronts from East Main street to Atlan- 
tic bridge at once created, to be developed and utilized by the owners 
along the line, or condemned to the depth of 100 feet or more from the 
city boundary for public uses as the people should deem proper. This 
line extends more than 2f miles around our city, and becomes at once, 
valuable property, either for its present owners or for the public good, 
whilst it is sure to add to the taxable areas of property in the not far 
future over $1,000,000. Nor do they consider it necessary to tax our 
people one dollar to consummate a work that brings inevitably health to 



ITS PRINCIPAL, INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 57 

our city, and furnishes, within one circumference, more than five times 
our present area of wharfage. 

Prior to the present decade the scarcity of pure, fresh water suitable 
for manufactures prevented their establishment in our midst. In fact, 
in times of great drought many of our people realized the doleful plaint 
of "the Ancient Mariner:" "Water! water! everywhere, but not a 
drop to drink. " A little less than eight years ago an abundant supply 
was introduced by the Holly system, and the city water has ever since 
grown in favor and use. It is estimated that there is a water-shed 
now available to supply the requirements of a population of some quar- 
ter of a million people ; with facilities for extending the present accom- 
modation considerably, when the demand requires it. This need being 
met for our city, and it being an easy matter now to supply our neigh- 
boring villages as their improvement may require it, we have no longer to 
combat this great obstacle in the establishment of manufactories. 

We will now enumerate briefly the manufactures and industries al- 
ready in operation, interspersing our account with suggestions as to 
openings for new workers in the ground already occupied, or the chances 
and advantages for new fields of operation. The Norfolk Knitting and 
Cotton Manufacturing Co. was organized by a number of our enterpris- 
ing citizens, joined by a few Northern capitalists,completed their factory, 
located at Atlantic City, just outside our present corporate limits, and 
got to work early in the Summer of 1880. By an unfortunate ac- 
cident it was almost entirely destroyed and the valuable machinery ren- 
dered useless, by fire, on the last day of the last cotton season. Phoenix- 
like, it has risen again, and with largely increased capital and new 
machinery, in six months from a disaster, which would have crushed a less 
energetic, company, their factory will be once more at work. But to 
give complete success to such enterprises, experience has taught us that 
not one but many should be established in the same locality, thus af- 
fording active and healthy competition and drawing skilled labor in suf- 
ficient quantities to their vicinity. As the manufacturers of the North 
are beginning to realize the advantage of bringing their machinery nearer 
to the cotton fields, the great cotton centres of the South must in the near 
future attract to them a large portion of the spinners of the far North, 
who are now struggling against the disadvantages of distance and cli- 
mate. Surely, with our unequaled advantages of an abundant supply of 
the staple, adaptability of climate and propinquity to market, we pre- 
sent that happy combination of fortuitous circumstances which will re- 
quire but a slight effort on our part to bring them as welcomed settlers 
amongst us. 



58 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



The consideration of cotton, in its various stages, and the benefits 
which already have been and may yet be derived from it by our city, 
very naturally leads us to an investigation of the importation and man- 
ufacture of jute into bagging, now so greatly in demand for putting up 




cotton. At present the bulk of the crude material is imported through 
New York, manufactured in the vicinity, and sold at a large profit to 
the Southern consumers. Of the manufactured article some 4,000,000 
yards pass through Norfolk annually. It has been suggested that 








' ^ M- J- ^ 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 59 

Norfolk would be an admirable point, both for its importation and 
manufacture, as it could easily be brought here by cotton ships wanting 
ballast or be used to make up a cargo with other merchandise, and the 
cheapness of labor in this vicinity, combined with our excellent lines of 
transportation to the cotton region, would enable us to compete success- 
fully with other less favored rivals. It is estimated that $25,000 would 
suffice to put up a factory here with the necessary machinery, not includ- 
ing stock, and we know of no better investment anywhere awaiting the 
enterprise of capitalists. 

Still dwelling on cotton and its connections, we would call attention 
to the demand fur the Oil Cake, which is made from the cotton seed, 
and is shipped in large quantities through our Port to Great Britain and 
the Continent, to be used in feeding stock. It is a large and growing 
trade, and we would .suggest the advantage of having the mills or facto- 
ries put up in our neighborhood, and thus enjoy the benefits to our 
people, both from the manufacture and shipping of this article. 

There are several very flourishing manufactories of Fertilizers in our 
immediate vicinity, which are kept actively at work, and have done a 
great deal of good to the lands in the section south of us, as well as the 
adjoining country. One of these enterprising companies imported direct 
from Hamburg during the month of January, 1881, two cargoes, con- 
sisting of 2,000 tons of Kainit, to be used in making fertilizers. 

Ship Building is another industry for which our port is admirably 

adapted, but which has been sadly neglected. No where can be found a 

ituation better suited by nature and circumstances for this business than 

ours. There is ample space and depth of water in our harbor for build- 

ng and launching the largest vessels, while an abundance of all the 

nnaterials required both for iron and wooden vessels, and of the best 

quality, is near at hand, and therefore cheap. To these advantages is 

ldded that of a climate, which admits of active work, generally, the 

whole year round. We have the best iron and finest timber brought 

lown the great Roads, which are our supply feeders, magnificent spars 

ind knees available through ourcanals from the great swamp, while just 

icross the Chesapeake Bay, in the Eastern Shore counties of Virginia 

ire to be found large tracts of land with grand virgin forests awaiting, 

n close proximity to the sea, the enterprise of the ship builder. This 

ombination of advantages will surely not be overlooked by capitalists 

seeking such investments, when the business world is brought to a full 

ealization of them. 

A great need of our port is a Sectional Dry-Dock. This enterprise 
,vill require an outlay of $250,000, and the want of it has already been 



60 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

a serious disadvantage to us, and if we expect to have a continued in- 
crease in commerce, especially the establishment of permanent lines to 
and from this port, or vessels calling here as a port of refuge for exten- 
sive repairs, instead of having to go 150 miles out of their way to Balti- 
more, we can no longer defer the undertaking. It devolves upon us, 
therefore, to invite capital from abroad to unite with us in completing 
at once a work which is so necessary and which will undoubtedly prove 
most profitable, as an investment. 

From the building and repair of ships, involving the timber interest, 
we naturally pass to the lumber trade, a most important business, that 
is steadily increasing. In the last 12 months extensive additions and 
improvements have been made in the mills in our immediate vicinity, 
and the consequence is that piles of lumber in every direction attract the 
eye of a visitor to the city. During the past year the estimated amount 
of lumber manufactured and handled here exceeded 80,000,000 feet, 
valued at nearly §1,700,000, an increase in value of nearly $200,000 
over the amount of the previous year. There are numerous other man- 
ufacturing interests at work in our city, many of which are noteworthy 
and doing good service in giving employment to a number of our people 
which will receive due attention under the appropriate heads in this 
volume. 

Commerce and manufactures after all, though, are dependent on and 
are therefore subservient to Agriculture, and the true wealth of a people 
is to be ascertained by looking at their natural productions and the ben- 
efits they derive from them. In this aspect our Trucking interest looms 
up grandly, and gives a material advantage to our people in bringing a 
large amount of money to and disbursing it in our community in the 
Spring and Summer seasons, just at a time when there is a serious decline 
in all other business. The value of the productions of the truck farms 
in the immediate vicinity of Norfolk may be put down in the aggregate 
at over $2,000,000 for the past year, which shows a continued increase 
since the war, despite the material shrinkage of values which has oc- 
curred year after year during the time referred to. These productions 
embrace the small fruits, apples, pears, peaches and vegetables. The 
great advantage of Norfolk, in the matter of truck, is its admirable loca- 
tion as a shipping point. In addition to which we have now splendid 
shell and well graded roads running in all directions, thus giving the 
truck farmer convenient and easy hauling for his products to this point 
for sale or shipment beyond, as he may prefer. The ingathering and 
distribution of these crops also afford congenial and remunerative em- 
ployment to a considerable number of that element of our population- 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 61 

the colored people — which else at this season would drop into idleness 
and its consequence, vice. 

There is another production of Norfolk and its vicinity for which we 
have been celebrated for many years. But as we cultivate and gather it 
from the water and not from the land; strictly speaking, we should hardly 
class it among the subjects of agriculture, and yet it is unquestionably a 
production of our submarine soil. We refer to Norfolk's specialty, the 
Oyster. The preparation of this article for export ; oyster packing, as it 
is styled; is a new industry, commenced since the war, and is principally 
in the hands of Northern men, who have now made a home of our city. 
It has indeed proved a most valuable business, and gives employment to 
over a thousand people. In this business Norfolk stands second to 
Baltimore, and should its rate of increase in the future keep up with 
that in the past, it will require but a few years to give our city what her 
situation entitles her to, the first place. There are some fifteen firms in 
this business, with a capital of nearly $100,000, occupying buildings and 
ground attached valued at about $150,000, and employing some 1,200 
hands, mostly colored males, as shuckers. This occupation seems to 
follow most opportunely that of the trucking season, thus continuing in 
employment a class who are made useful citizens by the restraints of 
work. 

But there is another " shell fruit " for which our city has more recently 
become famous. Our Peanut business has grown, until we are now the 
largest handler of this product in the world. This article is a large item 
of the local traffic of the A., M. & O. R. R., being a product of the 
neighboring counties through which it passes, on its way to our city. Nor- 
folk handled during the year ending September 30, 1880, 1,000,000 
bushels, valued at an average of about $1 per bushel of the Virginia 
crop of about 1,350,000 bushels. In connection with this trade, we 
have three large cleaning establishments or factories, supplied with pat- 
ented machinery for thoroughly doing the work. They employ over 
200 hands, principally females ; and one factory has paid out for peanuts 
in the course of six weeks $120,000. 

Shipments of these cleaned nuts have been made to Cincinnati and the 
far West by the A., M. & O. R. R., and also by the C. & O. R. R via 
James River steamers ; and there is every prospect as soon as the West- 
ern connections of our Roads are completed and the cars which are 
loaded at Norfolk go through to the West without delay, that these ship- 
ments will be largely increased. Though these domestic shipments are 
"already large, as yet no one has succeeded in building up a foreign trade. 

Hoping that we have succeeded ere this in awakening an interest in our 



62 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

city and a desire to know more of its advantages among those of the out- 
side world, who are either seeking new homes for themselves or invest- 
ments for their capital, we shall touch briefly, for their benefit, on a few 
matters connected with our city, which we think will prove interesting 
to them, and then bring our sketch to a close. Besides the advantages 
already enumerated, what other attractions, then, have we to present ? 
An old established society, but one not now too exclusive or inclined to 
ostracism of strangers, on the contrary rather disposed to give them a 
hearty welcome. Our people are almost entirely of English stock, with 
now and then a family of Scotch descent. Those who have come, in 
good faith, to settle amonst us, bear uniform testimony to the fact that 
our people are industrious, quiet and law-abiding. It is with pleasure 
that we subjoin the following neat but forcible opinion of an English 
settler, written to his friends in the Old Country : 

"Their system of Jaws is the English common law, modified to meet 
the exigencies of a comparatively new country and a different political 
constitution, but the ancient landmarks of all our rights of person and 
property are found, and as sacredly cherished and strictly observed as in 
Westminster Hall. " 

The last year's statistics showed an aggregate business for our city of 
about $40,000,000, with a promise of a healthy increase in all branches 
of our trade. Our trade area is rapidly increasing, our transportation 
facilities are constantly improving and our capital is steadily on the 
advance. Our Banking facilities are excellent; in fact, our admirable 
institutions of this character are better able to-day to render the neces- 
sary aid in the conduct of their larger negotiations to our business men 
than they ever were; with an ability, moreover, to extend their facilities 
as an increase of business demands it. The condition of our Public 
Finances has materially improved also, as proved by the excellent credit 
of our city shown by the high price which her bonds, whose interest is 
promptly paid, now demand. On the 1st of July, 1880, the total 
amount of the bonds was $2,187,371, paying an annual interest of 
$113,492. Her 8 per cent, bonds are being rapidly retired by 6 per 
cents, and arrangements are being perfected to substitute 5 percent, bonds 
for those now bearing 6 per cent., which will mature in the next four 
years. A tax of about 2 per cent, on Property, Personal and Real, is 
found sufficient to meet current expenses, interest, &o. Certainly a rate 
comparatively low enough for a growing and prosperous city. Our 
system of Public Schools is good as far as it goes; excellent primary 
and grammar schools are already provided, and a High School, for which 
there is a growing public demand which must soon obtain it, is all that 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



is needed to make it complete. Oar private schools, both for girls and 
boys, are of a superior order that would be a pride to any community. 
A noteworthy feature of the Educational question is the erection, during 
the past year, of a unique but artistic building for the " Leach-Wood 
Female Seminary, " and a really imposing edifice for the " Norfolk Col- 
lege for Young Ladies " on two of our principal thoroughfares. These 
institutions opened new last Fall with most wonderful encouragement, 
and a patronage that promises future success. Both enterprises were 
undertaken by joint stock companies. 




MAIN STREET— LOOKING WEST FROM CHURCH ST. 

The church-goers will find here representatives of nearly every denom- 
ination, whether he be Catholic or Protestant, worshipping either in 
plain and substantial or ornate and attractive buildings, as the various 
tastes suggested, modified of course by the means available. One relic 
of a past generation, our sole surviving inhabitant of the primitive days 
of the ancient Borough, will be sure to draw the attention of the visitor. 
Old St. Paul's, built nearly a century and a half ago, standing in the midst 
of grounds kept, we are glad to say, in attractive beauty, where the 
honored sires of our Borough sleep their silent sleep in marked contrast to 
that lively, noisy little immigrant, the English sparrow, that nestles 
under her old gables. For those who are not churchmen, but seek some 



64 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

other outlet to that charity, which seems at times to swell up in every 
human heart, or for those who seek to supplement the church's work, 
there will be found no lack of secret beneficial societies. Of their success 
and influence let the magnificent Masonic Temple, the stately hall of 
the Odd Fellows, the numerous Castles, Retreats, Glades and Lodges 
reared or established in our midst, speak for themselves; while of that 
higher, nobler work, known only to the Father that seeth in secret, or 
the relieved beneficiary, hundreds of our soothed and succored inhabit- 
ants could tell, but perhaps never may till the secrets of all hearts are 
revealed. 

Neither are we wanting in Asylums and Hospitals, in fact, in this 
latter respect we think our city stands comparatively preeminent. 
The Hospital St. Vincent de Paul, while under the auspices of those 
tender, self-sacrificing nurses, the Sisters of Charity of the Roman Cath- 
olic Church, is opened to the patronage of all who can pay and bestows 
its gratuitous beneficiences on the indigent without regard to creed. It is 
an admirably-conducted institution, and we have never known a stranger 
to visit it without going away with a more favorable impression of the 
city in which it is located. 

Our Post Office and Custom House have become leading institutions 
since the wonderful growth of our foreign trade, and will compare most 
favorably with any similar ones in our country in the amount of 
business done and in the handsome manner, satisfactory to all parties 
concerned, in which it is conducted. As in every other live town, 
the Press is here a power, and an appreciated one. The Land- 
mark and Virginian, two morning, and the Public Ledger, an 
afternoon paper, are the regular dailies, which supply their readers with 
news from every quarter of the habitable globe. Besides these, with 
their weekly editions, we have two excellent weekly papers, the 
Sunday Gazette and Weekly Herald. They are all welcome 
visitors to nearly every household in Eastern Virginia and North Caro- 
lina, certainly to every one in this city. We have referred only to those 
papers published in the city of Norfolk, to which in the main our sketch 
is devoted, but may mention in this connection that our sister city has 
two dailies and three weeklies. The Portsmouth Enterprise, Ports- 
mouth Times, Tidewater Times, and the Virginia Granger. 

In union, we are told, is strength, and the advocates of the nearest 
and dearest unions, those of hearts and hands, assure us that by them 
pleasures are doubled and troubles divided and that two or more can then 
live on what it cost the one previously. Now whether all this will be 
true of the union we would suggest, we don't pretend to assert, but of 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



65 



this we are satisfied that a consolidated municipality of the cities and 
villages that border on our common harbor, under the common name of 
the City of Norfolk (county), would tend more to our mutual benefit and 
general future advancement than any other one measure that can be ad- 
vocated. The population of this consolidated city would give it at once 
a position among the more prominent ones of the country, and the new 
community of interests would break down all the petty rivalries and 
jealousies that so unhappilly retard or prevent any joint successful efforts. 
We indulge in no such Utopian dream as that the union could be run at 
the present cost of our City Government, and perhaps not at the com- 
bined cost of the whole as at present managed, though we believe it would 
be less; still the advantages accruing to the villages from sharing city 




WELLER & co:s PEANUT factory— water street . 

conveniences and the enlargement of the business space in the city, afford- 
ing further room for increased trade and commerce, without unpleasantly 
crowding or confining our residences, which will inevitably result in dis- 
comfort and perhaps unhealthiness, would more than repay any additional 
outlay required. We hope our intelligent and energetic Press will take 
up this measure and advocate it to adoption. v 

Passing rapidly now from business to pleasure as our space grows 
more and more limited, we can assure the seeker of the latter that he will 
find ample provision for it here. Van Wyck's magnificent Academy of 
Music, erected last Spring and Summer, is of itself- well worth a visit, 
and has few superiors as an exhibition hall in our country; while during 
the JTall and Winter it has been kept almost constantly opened, for 



66 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

the lovers of the Drama or the Opera, giving an occasional purely 
intellectual treat in the shape of a star lecture for those who ignore 
the stage. Young Norfolk finds pleasure and muscle in aquatic clubs 
during the Summer, for which our safe and commodious harbor gives 
ample field, while the bicycle and gymnasium afford equal opportuni- 
ties for the Winter. One great need of our people has been for 
some years a Park, and spasmodic efforts have been made to obtain one, 
but so far in vain, because, unfortunately, those who most feel the need 
of it have the least means and influence for procuring it. Our present 
Mayor has recently started a move in this matter and we hope that he 
will not desist until success has crowned his efforts, and the needy will 
give him their blessing. 

Our climate in Summer is not so hot as it is in the cities of the North 
and West, and we possess a great advantage over all interior localities in 
the cooling sea breeze, which every evening brings us from the Ocean, 
giving us the great comfort of a pleasant night and refreshing sleep after 
the weariness and lassitude always consequent on a hot day. While the 
few leave for the mountain resorts, which are only a little over 12 hours 
ride by rail from our city, deeming an absolute change of air indispensi- 
ble ; the many are so fortunate as to find convenient and pleasant Summer 
resorts almost at our very doors. The Ocean View Railroad, already 
referred to, takes the visitor in a short and not unpleasant ride of less 
than half an hour to the shores of Chesapeake Bay. Here the company 
have erected quite an extensive hotel. For a day's fishing, which is here 
excellent, or a picnic and bath in the surf of the bay, this point and other 
locations, which will undoubtedly be selected and built upon, as the Ocean 
View Road extends its lines towards Lynnhaven, along the south shore 
of the Bay, will be found always attractive and pleasant. But the "Hy- 
geia," Old Point Comfort, we think will long remain the "Queen of the 
Bay." It is very accessible by water at all times and from our city can 
be reached during the season by all the steamers leaving our harbor, and 
at a very small price. There will doubtless also be rail communication 
from Richmond as soon as the C. & O. extension is completed. The 
" Hygeia " presents that happy mixture of half activity and halfrelaxa-- 
tion, with its attractions of Fort Monroe, its officers, music and dress 
parades, that brings a rest without the tedium that characterizes the gen- 
eral country seaside resorts. There is always surf enough for a pleasant 
bath and boats waiting to give a delightful sail on safe pleasure ground 
or to take out those, who prefer it, to the rocks near the Rip Raps, where 
nearly all varieties of the finny tribe may be captured. The tempera- 
ture, too, hits a happy medium, seldom knowing an extreme. The air 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



67 



is invigorating and yet sleep inviting when night comes, and we are 
never roused here from a sound sleep by that sudden chill which pene- 
trates sometimes the very marrow in our bones among the mountains, 
after a sweltering day. There is but one objection to this air, it makes 
ODe eat too much, whether the victim be man or woman, invalid or pleas- 
ure seeker, and then feel ashamed of himself. The Normal School, the 
Soldiers' Home with its exquisite grounds, and the quaint old town of 
Hampton, built on a crab-shell, as the legend runs, are all in the im- 







VIEW OF HARBOR, WITH NAVY YARD IN THE DISTANCE. 

mediate vicinity, and unite to make the attractions of the Hygeia 
irresistible, 

The great coming event, however, is the projected Hotel at the 
"Hollies," which is to be built and ready for guests when the Princess 
Anne Railroad is completed. A short ride of seventeen miles will then 
bring us right to Old Ocean's wave, and to those who have once enjoyed 
his mighty roar, the waters of the gentle Chesapeake will doubtless seem 
too tame. This beach, we are told, is perfectly safe and admirably 
adapted for surf bathing. While on the subject of pleasure and health- 



68 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

seeking, we may be permitted to call attention to a locality which an out- 
sider, who has only some vaguely romantic idea of its existence, would 
deem almost the synonym of death and destruction. We refer to the 
"Dismal Swamp," which is so easily reached from our city by inland 
water navigation, and is not only rich in the finest timber, but is proved, 
by the close observation and testimony of the old residents of Nor- 
folk and Nansemond counties, who have known it from their boy- 
hood, and who have either gotten shingles there themselves or employed 
others to get them, to be a grand sanitarium. The laborers in this Swamp 
enjoy a most remarkable exemption from the ills that flesh is heir to, 
(and the worst of all, the doctor's bills consequent upon them), and their 
longevity has been noticed in that region for some time past. The 
Juniper water found here is both exceedingly healthy and palatable, and 
said to be a specific in some forms of kidney disease. 

And now if there are any kind readers who are still unsatisfied in 
their laudable desire for information in regard to our city of wonderful 
promise, we can suggest a method of gratifying it that will afford a com- 
bination of pleasures. Mr. Huntingdon has promised to complete his 
road this Summer to Newport News and thus give ample transportation to 
visitors in the Fall coming to the " York town Centennial. " Norfolk 
must be, to a great extent, the grand Pleasure Centre for this move. Here 
the visitor must establish his headquarters and base of supplies at one of 
our excellent and numerous hotels. From this port hourly steamers will 
be plying to Newport News, and thence to the " Centennial Grounds" 
will be a short ride by rail. The visitor having enjoyed his day at the 
"Centennial," can return easily and spend his night in Norfolk. To 
those who prefer an all-water trip, there will be steamers to carry them 
in a few hours sail directly to Yorktown. 

And here we may rest our case, so far as the general reader is con- 
cerned, believing that those, who have patiently followed us in our 
meanderings, must give us credit for having presented impartially the 
cause of our city and that a discriminating public will give a unanimous 
verdict in her favor. But to the people of our own State, Virginians, 
bound to us by the nearest and dearest ties of association and consan- 
guinity, we would drop a parting word of admonition. There is unques- 
tionably a disposition on the part of our Western neighbors to help us, 
but it is no question of sentiment; it is a practical business idea that our 
Port has advantages, which can be used for their benefit, and they are 
perfectly willing to help us so long as in doing so they are reaping them 
for their own use. But remember we have a strong opponent, whose 
wealth and power may more than match our unaided natural advantages; 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



69 




76 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

let us remind you that the clay of resolutions and childish prattle about 
these advantages, whether of mountain, forest or stream, is past; the day 
for action is come. The time is even now at hand, when we must either put 
on a new-found energy and improve these advantages ourselves or others 
will derive the profit in developing them. We must forever cast away the 
old jealousies and rivalries between the different sections of our State — do 
away even with the old nomenclature, if it suggests such feelings in our 
hearts, as Northside and Southside, or Valley, Piedmont and Tidewater. 
Brothers, we of the Seaboard have learned to love your fertile valleys 
as our own, and to admire as ours, too, your mountains, that in lofty 
grandeur point to your God, who is our God. Note your little streams 
that trickle down those mountain sides, as they grow to the great rivers 
whose waters, mingling with our inland sea, are borne by it to the Ocean 
depths. Are they not bonds that bind us fast together ? Are we not bound 
too by those great iron bands that traverse the length and breadth of our 
grand old State? Let us stand, then, elbow touching elbow, moun- 
taineer and lowlander no longer, but all Virginians, fighting under one 
banner, in the great battle of progress, for the sake of Virginia. Away 
with politics, and in the new order of things, let us choose as the Vir- 
ginia policy the practical consolidation, in a new covenant between them, 
of Agriculture, Mining and Commerce. Let Agriculture provide the 
sustenance, and Mining tear from the very heart of the Old Mother her 
untold wealth, while Commerce carries a share to all countries of the 
globe and brings back their riches in exchange. To you, earnest workers, 
who are already up and doing, we would say God speed you, be not 
weary in well doing! Friends, who are lagging or hesitating, we warn 
you; if like Ephrairn, you are still joined to broken idols, you will either 
be crushed by the car of progress, or having stayed its onward move- 
ment, the golden opportunity of our old Commonwealth will have slipped 
through our hands, and the motto of the ancient City of Priam will mark 
the crumbling ruins of our lost prosperity, "Ilium Fuit. " United, in 
one solid phalanx, each one working for the good of all, and what a 
brilliant destiny awaits us! Our city will take her true rank — that of 
the Chief City in the greatest Commonwealth of our great American con- 
federation. 

To the strangers who seek to better their fortunes by embarking in any 
of the diversified pursuits which our city affords ; to those whose 
acquaintance we already enjoy, and who are seeking a location for like 
purposes, we desire, in the name of our people, to extend a cordial wel- 
come, with the assurance that we want you to make your homes in our 
city, and that we will go forward, shoulder to shoulder, in the march of 
successful business development. The principal avenues of commerce, 
manufactories, trades and firms of the city, together with much statistical 
and general information concerning them, useful to those having or 
desiring business relations with the city, are presented in the following 
pages, and for them we respectfully invite an attentive perusal. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 71 



GROCERIES. 



rt 



in HIS is decidedly the largest, most prosperous and important 
branch of the jobbing trade of the city, and the sales for 
1880 are reliably estimated to have amounted to five millions of 
dollars, not including the business done by the retail stores during the 
same period, which amounted to between $1,500,000 and $2,000,000. 
The business of 1880 showed an increase over 1879 of about 20 percent. 
Jobbers have been eager to push business, while cautious as to credits, 
and upon the whole, the year's business was much more satisfactory, both 
in its conduct and results. One notable fact points to the reliability and 
good judgment which characterize the management of this trade. It is 
that there have been no failures, compromises or embarrassments, nor 
the least evidence to show anything but the steadily-increasing financial 
strength of every firm engaged in it. Occasionally the suspension of a 
small, out-of-the-way establishment is chronicled, but the title of 
grocery, when applied to such a concern, becomes a misnomer, and the 
demise of such suburban firms attract about as little attention as their 
creation. The stocks on hand comprise every variety of goods usually 
found in first-class grocery houses, including Flour, Meats, Sugars, 
Coffees, Teas, Syrups, Salt, Lard, Mackerel, Herring, Powder, Shot and 
Fancy Articles. These are shipped to all parts of the Southern Sea- 
board, to Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Ten- 
nessee, in car-loads or smaller lots, as the necessity of circumstances may 
demand. 

"With ample transportation connections to the West, and innumerable 
steam and sail vessels entering this port from the sugar refinery districts 
of the East or foreign ports, we are unable to see why Norfolk firms in 
this business cannot cope with those or other markets, and secure to them- 
selves the bulk of the Southern business. Let those who control our 
railroads see to it that freights from Norfolk to points South will be 
taken at rates pro rata with those from more Northern points, and we 
will guarantee that in a few years the present grocery business of Nor- 
folk will ibe treble what it is now. The importation of Coffee direct 
to Norfolk promises to assume some magnitude before long, when articles 
for return cargoes can be obtained from the West, which we feel assured 
will be when the different new routes and extensions now being built 
between our city and the West are completed. The capital estimated to 
be employed in the grocery business here amounts in round numbers to 
$500,000, and total sales to $7,000,000. 



72 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

ESTABLISHED 1871 



J. EASTHAM, E. T. POWELL. 

EASTHAM, POWELL & CO., 




90 Water Street @ 41 Commerce Street, 

LARGE DEALERS IN 

FLOUR, MEATS, SUGARS, 
Coffee, Teas, Syrups, Salt, 
Lard, Mackerel, Herring, 

AND IN FACT ALL ARTICLES USUALLY KEPT IN A 

WHOLESALE GROCERY HOUSE. 

Special inducements offered to Prompt Paying and Cash 
customers. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



73 



ESTABLISHED 1865. 



M. L. T. DAVIS & CO. 

WHOLESALES 









s 



AND DEALERS IN 



JL X \J V 1D1UIID 









'% 



CAR-LOAD SALES made a Specialty, 

AND THE 
LOWEST POSSIBLE FREIGHT RATES SECURED. 



1 WATER STREET, 



(CORNER COMMERCE,) 



m 



m ii in 



&, 



14 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 




AND 



ERCHANTS, 



Nos. 12, 14 and 16 Rowland's Wharf, 



iFr? .^Sfes GS 






3 @ 



SHIWGTOM TAYLOR & CO, 




4, 16 1 18 COMMERCE STREET, 

NORFOLK, VA. 



-A-GKEINTS FOB 

ARD POWDE 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 75 

W. F. ALLEN. ESTABLISHED 1864. J. T. BORUM. 



"W. F. ALLEN & GO. 




99 WATER ST. & 18, 22, 26 & 30 fiOTHERY'S LANE. 



WMjtu 



,® 



rFLOUR AND MEATS A SPECIALTY. -m 



Special attention given to CAR LOAD quantities of 

MOLASSES, FLOUR, MEATS AND SALT. 



THEODORICK A. WILLIAMS. 



WM. C. DICKSON. 



T. A. WILLIAMS &. DICKS 




jft-HB 



]STos. 3 and 4= Roanoke Square, 



»< 



JFOIlXf 



h,® 



SALT, MOLASSES AND FLOUR, 

BY THE CAB, LOAD, A SPECIALTY. 

STRICT PERSONAL ATTENTION given to all ORDERS entrusted 
to our care, and with a FULL STOCK of all classes of goods pertaining to 
the WHOLESALE GROCERY BUSINESS, we are enabled to offer 
special inducements to our PATRONS. 



76 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



MeM 




IN ONE AND TWO LB. CANS. ORIGINAL SHELLS ACCOMPANYING. 

r 




Our trade say they are the iiuest goods they 
hnve ever used. 

GEO. McBURNEY & SON, 
Alexandria, Va. 

The best goods packed. Give universal satisfac- 
tion. JOSEPH R. PEEBLES' SONS, 

Cincinnati. 

Gentlemen: — I have used the crabs put up by al- 
most every packer in the United States, and I 
must say, and that truthfully, that yours are the 
best I ever placed before a guest, crabs fresh from 
the water not excepted. I congratulate your suc- 
cess, for it helps a hotel man out of many a close 
place, especially at a summer resort 
Very truly yours, 

" J. J. VENABLE, 
Blunt Springs, Ala. 



UNITED STATES COMMISSION 

FISH AND FISHERIES. 

SPENCER F. BAIRD, Commissioner, 

WASHINGTON, D. C, Aug. 7, 1880. 

Dear Sirs : — It gives me pleasure to inform you 
that at the International Fishery Exhibition re- 
cently held in Berlin, your exhibition of Canned 
Crabs was deemed worthy of especialand honora- 
ble mention by the .Juries. 

Yours respect fullv, 

SPENCER F. BAIRD, 
Commissioner of Fisheries. 



McMenamin & Co., 

Hampton, Va. 
The Following- are Some of the Wholesale Houses that Handle onr Goods : 

New York— H. K &F B. Thurber & Co., E. C Hazard & Co., Henry Welsh, F H Leggett & Co, 
Smith & Vanderbeck, Bogle & Lyles, Houston & Stienle, Kemp, Day & Co., Austin, Nichols & Co. Phil- 
adelphia. — Guthens & Rexamer, Mitchell & Fletcher, James H Larzelra & Sons, Mclllvaine & Co Bos- 
ton.— W K. Lewis & Bro , Marshall Johnston, E T Cowdery & Co , H. N. Rogers & Co., F. C. Lord & 
Co., C B. Fessenden & Co. Chicago. — A Booth, Rock wood Bros , Smith & Vanderbeck, Win M Hoyt 
& Co , Franklin McVeigh & Co , Sprague, Warner & Co Baltimore — T A Bryan & Co , E, L Palmer 
& Co , Thomas M Green & Co., Clark & Jones, John Martin & Co . L H Cole & Co , E C Bailey, Chas. 
Pracht & Co , Milnor, Cochrane & Co , John F. Mitchell & Co. St. Louis— Greeley-Burnham Grocer 
Co, Franklin Smith A Son, David Nicholson, Ira Boutelle, Jacob Furth & Co, A Moll, F H Rocfc- 
wood. Cincinnati —J R Peebles' Sons, H L Stiles & Co., Reis Bros & Co Cleveland.— A J Wen- 
ham & Son, Chandler & Rudd Detroit. — Dsvver & Yhay, D. D Mallory & Co , G. & R McMillan Co- 
lumbus, O-— J B Carlisle, Maynard Bros., J H. Barcus'A. H & G. A Blood, Walker Bros Dayton.— 
McLean & Bagen. Wm Kiefab'er & Bro., George K King. Charleston — Robertson, Taylor & Co., Otto 
F. Wickes, F Von Oven, H. B Schroeder, F E Bonner Wheeling. — Block Bros Toronto. — William 
Taylor Kansas City — McCord, Nave & Co. Louisville-— A. Fondee & Sons, George Gilfius, Wunock & 
Scholtz, William Sonders. Milwaukee — George I. Robinson, Charles J. Russell. New Orleans- — A. E. 
Morphy. Atlanta— A. McD. Wilson A Co , Frank E Block. Smyth & Perkcrson. Simmons & Druci- 
mond, W. L. Hubbard '& Son Galveston.— George Veeligson. Houston, Tex.— William D. Cleveland. 
San Antonio, Tex. — Hugo & Schmeltzer. Jefferson, Tex. — Markonitz Bros. & Strauss. San Francisco. 
— R. D Hume & Co. Rochester —James McMannis, Schnarr Bros. & Feiock, Smith, Perkins & Co. 
Williamsport, Pa.— Alexander Beede & Co. London, Eng.— H. K. & F B. Thurber & Co. Liverpool, 
Eng.— M.C. Buck & Co. 

Orders rilled at the shortest notice. Price lists, circulars, &c, on application. 

Factory at HAMPTON, VA. 



ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 77 

JOHH B, laOWB* 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 

Fine Family Groceries, Ship Stores, Provisions, 

FINE WINES, LIQUORS, CIGARS, TOBACCO, &c, &c 

13 and 15, Corner Market Square and 1, 3 and 5 Union Street, 

KTOnFOXiK, -V-A-. 

ROASTED COFFEE AND FINE TEAS A SPECIALTY. 

BANKS AND BANKERS. 



jhY no more substantial evidences can a city's wealth and com- 
oj mercial soundness be judged than by the prosperity and good 
management of its banks. They hold the great medium of ex- 
change between continents, and at once become the arbitrator between 
debtors and creditors. With nearly two and a half millions of dol- 
lars capital, a larger Banking business is carried on here than in any 
Southern city with double our population. This capital does not appear 
large, but it is ample for all the needs of trade, and money can be ob-' 
tained on good commercial paper at low rates. The money market has 
been fairly active during the year just closed, while deposits withdrawn 
during that period have been more than balanced by new deposits, the 
whole amounting at present to about $5,000,000. Some idea of the 
increase in transactions in this line may be gained from the statement 
that in the month of November, 1879, one bank shipped $1,000,000 in 
currency to North Carolina, and for the same period in 1880 the shipments 
amounted to an average of $1,500,000 per week. 

The cotton season of course creates activity in money circles, and these 
shipments of immense quantities of currency is partly due to it. Gold, 
so much sought after a few years ago, has become a nuisance with our 
people, and frequent objections are made to receiving it in any but the 
smallest quantities. The Clearing House, where daily settlements be- 
tween the different banks composing its membership are facilitated by 
meetings of representatives of each bank, was organized in 1871. Its 
members are the presidents and cashiers of the following banks, named 
in the order in which they are entered upon the books of the Associa- 
tion: Exchange National Bank, John B. Whitehead, President, George 
M. Bain, Jr., Cashier ; Citizens Bank, W. H. Peters, President, Walter 
H. Doyle, Cashier; Bank of Commerce, James E, Barry, President, W. 
S. Wilkinson, Cashier; Marine Bank, Walter H. Taylor, President, 
Hugh N. Page, Acting Cashier ; Burruss Son & Co., and Bank of Ports- 
mouth. From Mr. Walter H. Doyle, manager, we obtained the follow- 
ing figures, showing the increase in transactions of the Clearing House 
during the months of November of each year, commencing with 1876 : 

1876 . . . . . . $1,252,675.40 

1877 1,117,280.26 

1878 . V , . . . , 1,230,756.26 

1879 1,500,925.61 

1880 . . . . . . . 2,024,200.02 



78 



NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 



The increase of $523,274.41 in the business for November, 1880, over 
the same month in 1879 indicates the passage of more money through 
the banks, and it is easily seen that the increased general business of the 
city is its prime cause. 

The well-conducted Savings Banks of Norfolk do a great deal towards 
advancing the prosperity of a large class of our citizens whose income is 
limited to the value of their daily products as mechanics or laborers, by 
receiving deposits of one dollar and upwards, and allowing regular in- 
terest thereon, while affording ample security. Thus the savings of 
the clerk, the artisan and the man of toil have been made to swell the 
banking capital and at the same time encourage economy and thrift 
amongst those who most need it. 

That the affairs of the monied institutions of Norfolk are directed by 
able financiers, men whose judgments have been ripened by the most 
flattering and successful experiences, is too well known throughout the 
country to scarcely require such a statement here. "Curb-stone " bro- 
kerage and stock speculation are unknown terms, even in the under- 
current of mercantile life, where obscurity begets immunity. Norfolk 
contains one National, eight private banks and two banking firms. 

WM. H. PETERS, Pres. WM. W. CHAMBERLAINE, Vice Pies. WALTER H. DOYLE, Cashier. 




OF NORFOLK,VA. 

INCORPORATED UNDER STATE LAWS, IN 1867. 

®j 1 R m 6 T J 9 E£ S a 

WM. IT. PETERS, WM. W. CHAMBERLAINE, GEO. C. REIT), 

CHARLES H. ROWLAND, T. A. WILLIAMS, J. G. WOMBLE, 

WALTER II. DOYLE. 

Bank of Discount and Deposit. Discount Days, Wednesday and Saturday. Interest 

allowed on Savings Deposits. Exchange Issued on all 

Principal Cities of Europe. 



OOLLlOf] 

A15STJD PROMPTLY SEII1TE®. 



N. Y. Correspondent, BANK OF NEW YORK— NATIONAL BANKING 

ASSOCIATION. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



79 



THE EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK 



OF NORFOLK, VA. 



gjegtyuatcdi g^pa^tfory mut Jtnmmat g^ent of tut United £iato. 

« 

$500,000. 



AUTHORIZED CAPITAL 
PAID IN CAPITAL - 



$300,000. 



o 





c 




<t> 




-o 




to 




o> 




s- 




0- 




■ 


c 


oj 


<v 


a 


•a 


> 


<s> 




o 




O. 


Z 


„ 


< 


D 


ca 


< 




X 


a 


LU 


s ) 


H 


LU 


X 


S 



CO 

z' 
o 



o 
X 






o 




30 




o 




m 


> 


2 


^ 




m 


00 


or 


> 


X 


Z 




c_ 


H 


-» 


O 


- 


o 


O 


— => 


B9 


ii 


CO 


m 


3" 


3» 


CD 


*• 


-J 


> 





Hon. JOHN B. WHITEHEAD, R. T. K. BAIN, JAMES G. BAIN, 

JOHN JAMES, R. H. McDONALD, CHAS. E. JENKINS, 

ORLANDO WINDSOR. 

STATEMENT OF THE CONDITION OF THE 

EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK, 

At the close of Business, December 31st, 1880. 
RESOURCES. LIABILITIES. 



Loans and Discounts $1,425,869 72 

United States Bonds. 515,900 00 

Other Securities 49,445 89 

Banking House and Other 

Real Estate 59,167 65 

Due from Banks & Bankers, 812,230 25 

Due from U. S. Treasurer.... 14,949 34 

Cash on hand 421,358 08 

Total - $3,298,920 93 



Capital Stock............ $ 300,000 00 

Surplus 150,000 00 

Undivided Profits........ 51,654 00 

Dividends unpaid , 15,505 00 

Circulation 270,000 00 

Deposits.. 2,511,761 93 

$3,298,920 93 



80 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



THE MAEINE BANE 

OF NORFOLK, V^l. 



CHARTERED BY THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 



W.H. TAYLOR, 

President. 



HUGH N. PAGE, 

Acting Cashier. 



Collections remitted for on day of payment. No charge for collections 

payable with exchange. No extra charge for Collections 

on Richmond, Petersburg, Lynchburg, 

and Suffolk, Va. 



DIRECTORS. 

JAS. T. BORUM, of W. F. Allen & Co., Wholesale Grocers. 

KADER BIGGS, of Kader Biggs & Co., Commission Merchants. 
M. L. T. DAVIS, of M. L. T. Davis & Co,, Wholesale Grocers. 
C. B. DUFFIELD, Attorney at Law. 

W. W. GWATHMEY, of Gwathmey & Co., Commission Merchants. 
L. HARM ANSON, of Harmanson & Heath, Attorneys at Law. 
B. P. LOYALL, of Taylor & Loyall, Family Grocers. 
WASHINGTON REED, of Peters & Reed, Commission Merchants. 
CHAS. REID, of Chas. Reid & Son, Commission Merchants. 



GEO. E. BOWDEN President. 



GEO. S. OLDFIELD, Vice-Pres't 



H. C. PERCY, Cashier. 




m 



X 




USUI 



Norfolk, Virginia. 

CHARTERED 1874. 



STATE INSTITUTION 



Transact a Legitimate Banking Business 

in all its Branches. Buy and sell exchange on all 
Principal Cities of Europe. 

Collections in Virginia and North Carolina 

entrusted to us will receive prompt and 
careful attention. 

$20,000 00 
3,000 00 



Cash Capital Paid in 
Surplus 



Six Per Cent. Interest Paid on Savings Deposits. 

H. B. NICHOLS, SAML. HOFFLIN, GEO. E BOWDEN, F. RICHARDSON, 

J. R. GILLETT, S. E. BICKFORD, B. F. BOLSOM, Capt E. PICKUP, 

GEO. S. OLDFIELD, J. H. WEMPLE. 

S^° Deposits may be sent by Mail or Express and Bank Book will be 
promptly sent. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 8l 



Bankers ^Brokers, 

I NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, 

Tender their services as Bankers, having special facilities for the collection of NOTES 
and DRAFTS, payable in this city, or at any accessible points in this State or North 
Carolina, WILL REMIT PROMPTLY ON DAY OF PAYMENT AT THE LOW- 
EST RATE OF EXCHANGE on NEW YORK. 

EXCHANGE ISSUED ON ALL THE CITIES OF EUROPE. 

Bonds, Stocks, Mining Shares and Securities, bought, sold and negotiated on Com- 
mission. 

Virginia State Coupons, receivable for all State Taxes, Dues and Licenses, sold at 
a liberal discount. 

Uncurrent Bills, Southern Bank Notes, Mutilated Currency bought. Loans Nego- 
tiated on Real Estate, Business Paper and Claims Discounted. 

BUSINESS ACCOUNTS INVITED and INTEREST ALLOWED ON TIME 
DEPOSITS. 

Particular attention paid to the purchase and sale of City and State Securities 
on ORDERS. 

Holders of Norfolk City Bonds furnished with Quotations as to the value and char- 
acter of the same. 

Coupons and Interest collected by sending Power of Attorney. 

New York Correspondents, NINTH NATIONAL BANK, J. B. COLGATE 
&. CO., KNAUTH, NACHOD &. KUHNE. 



(Chartered under State Laws, 1st July, 1878.) 

DIRECTORS : 

JAS. E.BARRY, D. C. WHITEHTTRST, J AS. REID, SAM'L MARSH, 

J. VICKERT, B. T. BOCK OVER, A. E. SANTOS, 

W. A. GRAVES. 



TRANSACTS A GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS. COLLECTIONS MADE 

ON ALL POINTS AT CURRENT RATES. INTEREST ALLOWED ON 

DEPOSITS IN SAVINGS DEPARTMENT. 



N. Y. Correspondent, NATIONAL PARK BANK; Phila Correspondent, FIRST NATIONAL BANK; 
Boston Correspondent, MERCHANTS NATIONAL BANK. 

ITORFOLB TRUST OQ, 9 

56 ROANOKE AVE., NORFOLK, VA. 

DEPOSITS OF EVERY AMOUNT RECEIVED. INTEREST ALLOWED ON 

DEPOSITS. DISCOUNT DAYS, TUESDAYS 

AND FRIDAYS. 

WH, B. ROGERS, President. W. J. YOUNG, Secretary. 



82 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

IRON WORKS AND MARINE RAILWAYS. 



a* 



wEW persons who feel an interest in the growth and commercial pros- 
&\ perity of Norfolk can pass through the southeastern part of the 
city and be greeted, as one is sure to be, by the musical reverberations of 
the boiler-maker's hammer, the caulker's mallet, the rattle of truck 
wheels or the constant whistling of steamers and mills, without expe- 
riencing a thrill of pleasure. Mechanics, like so many bees, are to be seen 
scattered about the various shops, railways and saw-mills, each intent 
upon some detail of the work in hand, which, when completed, will pro- 
bably form a ponderous machine of great power, or shapely craft with 
its compact body and spotless sail to bear the rich merchandise of a busy 
people to other markets or climes. 

Few people can fail to realize that in those scenes of activity in the 
iron works, marine railways and foundries, are presented the most sub- 
stantial and gratifying evidences of increasing wealth. No branch of the 
manufacturing business becomes sooner effected, or more depressed 
during seasons of financial strain than these, and when they are forced 
to curtail their operations every fibre in the body commerce expe- 
riences the evil results that inevitably follow. The class of people who 
build up great cities, keep our currency constantly circulating in the 
marts of trade, are reduced to a state of idleness and often of actual suf- 
fering. When these industries are forced to their limit of productiveness, 
we know that there is a demand caused by prosperity in other branches. 
To-day the manufacturing interests of Norfolk are brighter than they 
have ever been, and the steadily increasing demand for our manufactures 
encourages- the belief that they will continue togrow in public favor, and 
the means of producing them in magnitude and importance. 

Our railways have as much as they can do, aud it often happens that 
vessels are compelled to remain in the river several weeks before they 
can obtain berth for repairs. Boilers, agricultural and narrow-gauge 
engines of superior workmanship and artistic finish are made in Norfolk. 
Most of them are shipped South, to be used in the timber districts of 
North Carolina, or in the cotton fields of Georgia and South Carolina. 
Norfolk manufacturers have lately directed their attention to the intro- 
duction of their agricultural engines in the first-named State, and with 
very satisfactory success. Wherever exhibited they have been awarded 
special honor, when in competition with those of other popular makes. 
The entire field of manufacturing enterprises here is full of remarkably 
effective machinery, new in principle or application of principles pre- 
viously known. We are not ashamed of the record this city has already 
made, nor have we any fears that the future will fall behind the past in 
sustaining the reputation which has been secured by our manufacturers. 
The city contains four large merchant machine shops, three foundries 
and five marine railways. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



83 



bza Eaa 



PROPRIETOR 

Nos. 280 and 282 Water Street, 



Manufacturer of Steam Engines, Boilers, 

&AW AIB GRIST KEUUI, 

SHAFTING, PULLEYS, HANGEES, FOEGINGS AND CASTINGS. 

Special attention given to the repair of STEAMBOATS and MACHINERY 
of all kinds. 

JS^ MACHINISTS and BOILER MAKERS sent to any part of the Country to 
repair work. 

¥M. A. GRAVES, 




lLi 




Lumber 
Manufacturer, 

Saw and Planing 

HIEili s 5 



Bil'i 



ALL KINDS OF BRACKETS FURNISHED ON SHORT NOTICE. 

Nos. 209 to 223 Water Street, NORFOLK, TA. 



84 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 



Iron Yard I Metal House, 



DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF 



M 




• 


o 




u 


o 




o 


H 


09 

Z 


W 


o 


A 


o 


^ 
^ 


H 


Id 

Q 


9 


Ph 


-1 
_1 


*\ 


< 


< 
Ll, 


* 
8 


Pm 


O 

> 


O 


cc 
u 

z 


H 

95 


fc 


X 

o 

< 


5a 


<1 


s 

Q 


*> 


h3 


z 
< 
CO 




<1 


z 
< 


c? 


Eh 


X 


•to 


W 


CO 


© 
© 


a 


o 

X 

o 






z 


s* 


P 


< 

Q 




^1 


z 
< 




o 


X 

Q 


99 




z 


•\ 


^ 


o 


■« 


{2! 


o 

Ul 
CO 


s 

8 


O 


Q 

z 




M 


< 


ft* 




z 


<*> 


Ph 


o 

co 


(M 


< 


< 


^ 

S 


K 




8 


o 




so 




Big" Machinery of all kinds, new and second-hand, bought and sold^ 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 85 

GEO. W. DUVAL & CO. 



OBFOIK I 





Cor. Water and Nebraska Streets, 

I NORFOLK, VA. 

Engines, Boilers, Saw Mills, 

AND ALL KINDS OF 

MACHINERY of the MOST IMPROVED PATTERNS. 

ALSO REPAIRING AT THE SHORTEST NOTICE. 

«$~ PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO STEAMBOAT WORK. =©» 

Duval's Patent BOILER TUBE FERRULES are the only perfect remedy for Leaky 
Boiler Tubes. They can be inserted in a few minutes by any Engineer, and are 
guaranteed to stop the leaks. 

OLD ATLANTIC FOUNDRY, 

206 Water Street, Norfolk, Va. 

■ m i m— 

Manufactures every description of CASTINGS, Iron and Brass, at short notice 

and at Baltimore Prices. 

No extra charge for PATTERNS, of which I have an extensive variety. 

HIGHEST CASH PRICES PAID FOR OLD METALS. 

STOVES AND TINWARE. 



<33' 



HIS business was never in more prosperous condition than it is now, 
even though competition and an increase in the number of firms 
engaged in it have had the effect to reduce prices, and give to consumers 
the advantages of a market almost identical with that at the largest foun- 
dries and stove manufactories of the country. The activity and general 



§fr V f rj NOBFOLI>: AS A BUSINESS CENTKE ; c 

busy movements observable in most of the houses, give the best ^assur- 
ances that the trade is a vigorous and healthy one. With larger, stocks 
and with about $60,000 actual capital, a business amounting to $200,000 
was done in 1880, Eastern Virginia and Carolina people doing the buy--. 
ing. With an enlarged trade the firms are doing better work, and the 
click of the mallet resounds throughout the tinware shops of the city i 
Every new design is introduced in this market directly it appears, and 
our people, who a few years ago thought it necessary and economical to 
make their largest purchases in Baltimore and Philadelphia, have begun 
to realize that the home market affords eyery advantage to be had even 
in the larger cities of the North. 



GALVANIZED IRON CORNICES AND ORNAMENTAL WORK. 

GEO. L.CROW, 

MANUFACTURER OF AND DEALER IN 

PLUMBING, COPPER, TIN and IRON WARE, 

v HOUSE-FURNISHING GOODS, KEROSENE, &C. 

Mo. 13 Commercial Root.? 
S. S. PEED, Snpt. NORFOLK, VA. 



SEEDSMEN. 



SURROUNDED by such an immense trucking area, it is not at all 
£-[ surprising that the seed business has grown and prospered to the 
very great extent which it has. Sales are not made exclusively to 
truckers, however, but shipped from here to almost all parts of the 
United States, where people desire to cultivate vegetables, flowers, &c, 
that have found successful propogation in this section. The seedsmen of 
Norfolk grow most of their seed under their own, or such supervision as 
will insure the highest state of perfection and vitality. They handle 
very few fancy seed, but aim specially to produce such as are best adapted 
to the Southern climate. -,:.. . : / / ; 

The large and substantial patronage enjoyed by dealers in this line, in 
this city, is sufficient proof that they conduct the business upon the most 
correct principles. To build up and retain the trade of our truckers from- 
year to year requires the most conscientious, earnest watchfulness, upon 
the dealer's part, for the purity and reliability of his goods, besides, a, 
thorough understanding of the most minute details of the business;, even., 
to planting, cultivating, gathering and handling when in stock. 



ITS : PRINCIPAL 1 3ST Dtf&TRlES ANi) TEAi)ES. m 

GEOBGE TAIT, 

IMPORTER dF AND I)EALER IN H 

Ewetiatt, %%&wMi tmnm* Canadian an 

No. 7 Market Square, (East Bide), Norfolk, Ya. I 

RULKOAD/ STEAMBOAT AND MACHINIST 

SlfiPPX,ffiS. 



(Ti. 



ORFQKK city, the centre of vast steamboat, railroad, mil ling, and 
<^p rapidly increasing manufacturing interests, necessarily controls a 
trade in the business which heads this article, and where twelve years ago 
one firm ventured successfully upon an unoccupied field, three now flour- 
ish in theprqsecution of a business worth thousands of dollars, and whicli 
extends- to shipping, milling, etc., advantages, which, a few years ago, 
Were nbt possessed by this market. Until the date when the first house 
began its operations, articles of themselves insignificant, butof vital im> 
portanee to the harmonious action of some piece of machinery, could not b0 
had here Tor five and often ten times the price charged for them now, and 
even if such articles were to b^jhad at, prices now looked upon as extort 
tionate, they had to go through different processes upon a blacksmith's 
anvil before the required sizes or shapes could b'e obtained. Delays and 
difficulties of this kind rendered the market poor and unsatisfactory to 
those who were dependent upOn it for supplies. Advanced mechanics 
and close Comjsetion have, however, remedied these evils, and we can in 
safety assert that of either of the three firms here represented, goods in 
their line of any desired quality, quantity, design or description can be 
bought as cheaply as at any other point on the Atlantic Coast. Mill 
supplies, used so extensively in. Eastern Virginia and North Carolina, 
are nearly all drawn from Norfolk, and from the ponderous engine to the 
tiniest band saw, or from the rope capable of sustaining tons of weight 
to the most delicate thread, the stocks of the city are completely furnished. 
The business has been developed by the most determined and intelli- 
gent efforts until its volume has become great. Practical men have it in 
charge and its growth will always be commensurate with the demands of 
its dependent interests. 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 




© 

® § 

S© 32 

■§■8 

fee m 

a s 

•2 eg 

^ © 

CS -•» 

P-l 



IS 



OB 

as 



^ a © 



tc eg 

.5 „ 

© S 
PP « 

w 

S BD 

a © 

5 £ 



'© 

© 



a 

OS 



© 
© 
-3 

is 

S3 

© 

© 

© 



p 

© x 

« fcJ) 

£ s 
•: « 

© 5 



a ^ 

© ^ 

a 2 

x a 

« eS 

3D g 

IS cS 



Jl 



~ ZS <x 



3 
X 



© 

p 



as © 



as 



«3 



« O 

a 

fcJD 



© 



CO 



LU 
O 

oc 
O 

Lu 

o 

z 
< 

< 

UJ 

[- 

CO 



© a o 

I- 

z 



C3 

< 

CO 

Q 



5 * 



< 
U. 

o 

CO 

_i 
O 

o 

I- 

Q 

z 
< 

CO 

oc 

UJ 

I 

CO 

< 

CO 

I- 



co 

b 

o 

03 



<1 



M 
O 

S „" Q* 

o 



C3 

Z 

bl 

< 
ui u 



S2 5 

a. K 
ui 

„ z 

S x 

II 

is 

a 



Si to 

> < <D 

ui °° £_g 

g o oS 



o 



O 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



89 



E. V. WHITE, 1 

CHAS. SCHROEDER. j 



f Consulting and 
t Marine Engineers. 



E. Y. WHITE & CO. 



MANUFACTURERS' AG-ENTS, 



UHIty STEAM 




m 



lull 



DD 



m 



IRON, STEEL, OILS. PAINTS § CORDAGE, 

STEAM ENGINES, BOILERS, TOOLS and MACHINERY, BELTING, PACKING, LACE LEATHER, 

COPPER RIVETS AND BURS, GUM AND LEATHER HOSE, 

WROUGHT IRON PIPE AND FITTINGS. 

GLOBE VALVES, STEAM COCKS, WHISTLES, OIL CUPS, WASTE, FILES, LAMPS, LANTERNS 

WHITE AND BED LEADS, BOLTS, NUTS AND WASHERS. 




Manilla I Tarred Rigging, Cordage, Tar, 

Pitch, Rosin, Oakum and Turpentine, 

SHIP'S BLOCKS, 

&MBW MM® 8IOfdtMi OILS, PMIMm* 

Paint Oils and Paint Brushes, 

LANTERNS, SIDE AND BOW LIGHTS, &C. 

*Mm. II OQHKIlBfJIAIi ■ 

(NEAR FERRY WHARF,) 

NORFOLK, VA. 



Wf 



90, NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;; J i 

GUM flKD LEATHER BELTING, PACKING, WASTE, &C. 




IMMllUOjj 

TOOLS AND MACHINERY OF ALUMS. ' 



IRON PIPE, ELBOWS, TEES, UNIONS, : '&b'., GLOBE VALVES, STEAM COCKS, 
WHISTLES, OIL CUPS, WAST#, FILES, LAMPS, LANTERNS, 

WHITEANDEED LEADS, 

OILS, BOLTS, NUTS AND WASHERS, 

xh.o:n\ steed, 

PAINTS A.TSTD CORDAGE, 

STEAM GAUGES TESTED and WARRANTED. 

IEIj^-IR,!} W".A_:R,:H] ! 



PURE OILS A SPECIALTY. 



MANUFACTURERS' AGENTS, 



Railroad, Steamboat, and Mill Supplies* 

118 WATER STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 

STEAM FORCE PUMPS, SAW GUMMING MACHINES, CIRCULAR SAWS, 

SWAGES, FILES, EMORY WHEELS, RAW HIDE AND OIL 

TANNED LACE LEATHER, &c, &c. 

Lard, Cylinder, Machinery and Lubricating Oils. 

AXX-E GREASE AND TA&liOW, 

SPUN YARN, OAKUM, MANILLA HOPE, 

RAFTING CHAINS, WITH RINGS AND TOGGLES. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TEADES. 



m 



WINES AND LIQUORS. 



ck 



T no period has the wholesale wine and liquor trade of Norfolk been 
in better condition than at present. Always large, it has received 
an impetus in sympathy with other wonderfully growing trades of the 
city, and while a few years ago only a limited business was done in a 
limited field, to-day our firms make shipments to the far South and 
Southwest; indeed, in the Northern States many Norfolk brands of 
liquors are in demand. Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and 
Georgia have proved excellent markets for our goods, and dealers have 
not been backward in successfully occupying the field, in competition 
with dealers of other cities. The purest and richest French, German 
and native wines, fermented liquors, Bourbon and corn whiskies of the 
great West are kept in stock, as are also many fancy liquors, of late so 
popular with those who "smile. " The total sales for 1880 amounted 
to within a fraction of $500,000, divided between firms with a consoli- 
dated capital of $125,000. 

The retail trade of the city is large, too, the annual sales reaching fully 
$500,000. German habits and customs, now so common among our . 
people, have succeeded in revolutionizing the retail trade. Light wines, 
beer, ale, or similar refreshing beverages are now drunk to the partial ; 
exclusion of stronger liquors. The retail wine and liquor stores of the 
city are supplied with every description of goods, those of eyeryclime, 
quality or vintage, and the mostcultivated palate can be suited. 

~ W.F.ALLEN~ 



WHOLESALE 





90 Watet Street, NORFOLK, VA. 

Old Corn, Antler, Gaff's Star, Imperial Wedding. 
Auroro and Gaff's WHISKIES, 






f -°J£F f * Kk ^ 



ORDERS SOLICITED. 



92 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



JOSEPH KLEPPER, 
Rhine Wine Rooms. 

ORCHESTRION | BILLIARD HALLS, 



SUMMER 




GARDEN, 



143 and 145 Church Street, Nearly opp. Opera House, 
NORFOLK, VA. 

f&S^" Lunch Rooms contain all kinds of American and German delicacies. a= @a 

FINE OLD LIQUORS, PRIME LACER BEER. 

Orchestrion Concerts every night, and Instrumental Concerts at intervals through 
the week. 

The Entire premises have just been renovated for the Spring and Summer seasons, 
and the Main and Billiard Halls beautifully frescoed. 

A FIRST-CLASS PLACE IN EVERY PARTICULAR. 



WOODIS 

DEALER IN 



=1* 



WW 

m mi 



I A 



No. 8 BANK STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 






CTOHIISr VEBMILLIOIT, 

IMPOHTER QiS? 

!hi§i § ®istii| I?§if §i§ 

No. 4 ATLANTI C HOTEL, NORFOLK, VA. 

SAW MILLS. 



fURING the last eight years extensive improvements and additions 
have been made to the milling interests of Norfolk. The towering 
smoke-stacks and great spread of lumber are features that greet us as we 
look around the shores of our harbor and along the streams directly 
tributary to the Elizabeth river. Up the two canals, along the sounds 



ITS PRINCIPAL, INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 93 

and rivers' of North Carolina, adjacent to the lines of railroads centering 
here, are situated some of the largest saw-mills in the country, and through 
them Norfolk enjoys a trade in lumber which last year amounted to 
100,000,000 feet, being about double the quantity marketed in 1878. 
The finest milling machinery to be found anywhere is in operation in 
these mills, and one mill here is said to contain the finest and most 
improved appliances for expeditious sawing and handling to be found 
in any Southern State. 

The six largest firms doing business in or near Norfolk have an ap- 
proximated capital of §400,000, and their establishments turn out about 
40,000,000 feet of boards, joist, scantling and heavy timber per annum. 
Yellow pine, Cypress and Poplar are the principal kinds of wood manip- 
ulated. Most of the shipments made from here, or bills cut to order, 
are for Northern and Eastern markets. The quantity of lumber annually 
brought through the Albemarle and Chesapeake and Dismal Swamp 
canals increases each succeeding year, and now constitutes the bulk of 
our business in this line. Through the A. & C. Canal alone 58,178,803 
feet were received here during the fiscal year ending September 30th, 
1880, being an increase in ten years of 46,054,216 feet. [The total value 
of manufactured lumber handled by our mills iu 1880 lias been put at 
$1,000,000. 



J. L CARMAN & CO. 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

"^"IEIjIjO'W" IPIItTZE! 

Lumber and Timber, 

RAILROAD SUPPLIES AND LONG TIMBER, 

A SPECIALTY. 



Capacity of Mill 6,500,000 feet per Annum. 



OFFICES: 

120 Liberty Street, N. Y., and Norfolk, Va. 

MILL, ATLANTIC CITY, Virginia, 



94 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

S. Q. COLLINS. J. B. LeKIES. 



MANUFACTURERS OF 

VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

-^ZELLQW" pine 

■ ■ Lj jMl JB IELj jE\j 



113i 



NORFOLK, VA. 



9 



SPECIAL ATTENTION PAID TO ALL ORDERS FOR 

IfllA Am WOftTtt CAWl 

YELLOW X»XXtB. 



3 




ITS PEINCIPAL, INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 95 

BOOTH, CARMAN & CO, 
Gang and Circular Saw Mills, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

LATHS, BED SLABS, Etc. 



m^>~ » -«■■ 



JIHC HilLLS. 

Orders for Domestic or Export Cargoes Cut at Short Notice. 

Special Attention is called to our DRYING HOUSES and facilities 

for Seasoning Lumber. 

ANNUAL CAPACITY OF MILL, 6,500,000 FEET. 

Offices, 120 Liberty Street, New York, 
Norfolk, Va., Bergen Point, N. J. 

MILL, BERKLEY, VIRGINIA.. 

STEAM BAKERIES. 



N the manufacture and sale of such articles as are usually produced by 
bakeries, Norfolk occupies an excellent and by no means small ter- 
ritory, which contains a trade of the safest and most desirable character. 
We have in the city seven good bakeries, but only one that is operated 
by steam upon a large scale, or whose manufactures find distant sale. The 
smaller establishments are, however, well sustained by the local retail 
trade, and the general consumption of their goods by our citizens is con- 
clusive evidence that they merit appreciation. Our wholesale grocers and 
commission houses are the largest handlers of Norfolk made goods, in 
fact, the instances are very rare where staple articles of this kind, manu- 
factured in other cities, are offered by them in competition with those 
of Norfolk make. Fancy cakes, crackers, etc., are shipped from here 
over the entire South, and they may be found upon the shelves of many 
stores in foreign ports. The marine trade in this line is also very large, 
especially since our goods are adapted to use upon salt water, and retain 
their freshness and flavor when exposed to atmospheric changes. An- 
other feature of this business, and one that commends it to the favor of 
all who advocate home patronage, is that all the raw materials, such as 
flour, molasses, sugars and others, used in the business, are bought from 
dealers in Norfolk, and this reciprocity of trade conduces to the material 
advancement of each. In 1880 the trade, both wholesale and retail, 
in this line amounted to nearly $300,000, an( i the indications are that 
the present year's business will yield a very satisfactory increase. 



96 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

JAMES REID. W. T. NIMMO. C. C REID. 













ESTABLISHED 1856. 







4#;4J=iip 



Manufacturers of all kinds of Superior Excelsior 



."-» v.. 



fc-€|\Wl^ 



£» "W^i 



■O^vtssm 



ilSfellUltf 



BREAD, CAKES, CRACKERS, &c, 

]N~o. 87 Main Street, . 

NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 

Factory, Holt's Lane and Elizabeth Street. 



N. B.— Parties ordering their Goods through their COMMISSION 
MERCHANTS, will get them at FACTORY PRICES. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 97 

PEANUTS. 



NOTWITHSTANDING the Peanut business may to some appear 
Cy small, it is, nevertheless, one of the many branches of trade in all 
marts. Every village, town and city in the country annually consumes 
this delicious little ground nut, and the increase in crops is solely in 
response to the increased demands of consumers. The peanut season 
commences in September, but the crop is not harvested until October, 
except in Virginia, where the season opens earlier. This State supplies 
about sixty per centum of the American consumption, and Tennessee 
about thirty-five. In 1880 Tennessee produced 750,000 bushels, North 
Carolina 120,000, and Virginia 1,350,000 bushels, the latter States fur- 
nishing Northern and Northwestern markets, while the other States ship 
principal I v to the West. The entire crop of the United States for 1880 
was valued at $2,150,000. 

The counties of Prince George, Sussex, Surry, Southampton, Isle of 
Wight and Nansemond, in this State, are the greatest producers, but the 
cultivation of peanuts has extended over to the Peninsula counties, and 
where last year Warwick was the only county that raised to any extent, 
Elizabeth City and York are now competing with Warwick, and the 
counties of Mathews and Gloucester have commenced to grow them in 
small lots; some few are also raised in Norfolk and Princess Anne 
counties. Out of a Virginia crop of 1,350,000 bushels Norfolk handled 
last season over 1,000,000 bushels The average price was about 4J 
cents per pound, or 99 cents per bushel, there being twenty-two pounds 
to the bushel. These would realize about $1,000,000 to Norfolk from 
its peanut trade alone. The following is a comparative statement of 
crops by year for Virginia from 1867 to 1880, inclusive : 

1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 

1871 
1872 
1873 

The Virginia nut is preferred to all others, and readily sells for from 
one to one and a half cents per pound more than the Tennessee or Caro- 
lina nut. The low price that the Virginia nut now brings is due to the 
competition with the inferior grades raised in Georgia and Tennessee, 
for it matters not how low our grades are offered, holders of the Tennessee 
and North Carolina stock continue to drop or cut in prices. However, 
the time is coming when^the competition with inferior goods being over, 
our growers will be enabled to reap remunerative prices. 

In connection with the general handling of peanuts, there are in Nor- 
folk three large factories for cleaning and sorting the nuts into different 
grades, from the largest, with polished hulls, to the worthless mixture of 
broken hulls and dirt.. 



75,000 bushels. 


1874 


350,000 bushels 


150,000 


a 


1875" 


450,000 


424,000 


it 


1876 


780,000 " 


270,000 


a 


1877 


405,000 " 


195,450 


" 


1878 


875,000 " 


324.000 


a 


1879 


1,000,000 " 


225,000 


a 


1880 


1,350,000 



98 



B 4 F. WALTERS. 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 



JAMES MONTGOMERY, 



T. A. WALTERS. ! 



"WELL 





CO., 



WHOLESALE DEALERS AND PROPRIETORS OF THE 









BRANDS OF 




Virginia Hand-Picked 




Cor. Water and Fayette Sts., 

ORDERS AND CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 



REFERENCE, BURRUSS, SON & CO., BANKERS, NORFOLK, 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 99 

WHOLESALE BOOTS AND SHOES 



^gOUTHERN and Southwestern buyers have begun to realize the 
C\ fact that prices here are in many instances identical with those at 
the factories, and often less, as our dealers buy in large quantities and 
when the market is dull, while the smaller dealer or the dealer further 
South, does not make his purchases until the season has fully opened, 
and then in smaller quantities. Thus it is that Norfolk Boot and Shoe 
Houses obtain all the advantages offered by an advanced market, and 
can afford to extend more liberal terms to those who buy later and in 
smaller lots. We have here several wholesale houses, requiring a com- 
bined capital of nearly three hundred thousand dollars to conduct them. 
This amount is in continual activity, and manipulated by men of broad 
business ideas and sterling integrity — men who are intimately acquainted 
with the wants of the trade and thoroughly understand their business in 
its most minute details. Their annual sales are large, and through the 
agency of a competent corps of traveling salesmen, many thousands of 
dollars worth of goods are bought by merchants in the South who rarely 
if ever visit the market. 

While Norfolk's principal trade does not extend beyond the Carolinas, 
through this one branch her reputation has far exceeded the limits 
marked out by less enterprising and energetic dealers. 

Bills bought here are guaranteed duplicates of regular Northern 
prices, and dealers are cordially invited to satisfy themselves by a per- 
sonal examination. 

SMITH N. BRICKHOUSE & CO. 

WHOLESALE 

Boots and Shoes, 

Cor. Water and Commerce Streets, 

NORFOLK, VA. 



SALESMEN : 

JOHN W. OLD. T. M. SAUNDERS, THOMAS OLD, 

FRED FLETCHER. 



300 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

COAL AND WOOD YARDS. 



<7T 



vl ,HE great, piles of coal" seen towering above the limits of the many 
bins in the coal yards of this city, must impress observers with the 
fact that its handling requires the employment of a great many people 
and a large amount of money. All along the water front these, yards 
are located, and vessels are loaded or discharged at very small cost and 
with little trouble. The immense coal beds situated along the Chesapeake 
and Ohio Railroad, supply a greater part of the demands of this market, 
whije Maryland and Pennsylvania furnish an immense amount. The 
great ocean steamers leaving this port carry with them well filled bunkers, 
from our yards, and daily shipments are made to consumers and dealers 
in Virginia and North Carolina, at points upon streams tributary to the 
Elizabeth river and the sounds. The seven largest firms in the coal 
trade do an annual business of $500,000 in coals alone, to say nothing 
of the sales of wood, which many of them handle in quantities, exclusive 
of business done by, the eleven wood yards. The estimated capital 
employed by these houses is placed at the modest sum of $100,000. 
During the Winter season, when this business is at its height, our wood 
wharves present a most animated appearance, the docks being filled with 
loaded lighters and the street with venders anxious for a customer. Ma-> 
chinery for cutting and splitting is to be found in nearly all the yards, 
and from their continual motion it may be safely concluded that business 
is good. 



■7 

Wholesale and Retail Dealers in all kinds of 

Egg, Stove, Chestnut, Foundry. 

AND 

BLACKSMITH GOAL, 

Office and Yard, Myers' Wharf, (next to Comity Ferry,) 
PORTSMOUTH, VA. 



HAVING INCREASED OUR FACILITIES AND AREA, WE ARE PREPARED 

TO FILE ORDERS FOR ANY QUANTITIES. 

SHIPMENTS MADE PROMPTLY AND GOOD COAL AND WEIGHT 

GUARANTEED. 

AS= OFFICE CONNECTED BY TELEPHONE, -©ft 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 101 

THOS. J. NOTTINGHAM. WM. A. WRENN. 

Li 



Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 



Ice. Coal a 




Nottingham and Wrenn's Wharf, AT c L rWy ,c 
And Nos. 6 and 7 Campbell's Wharf, 

IsTOE/FOLK, Vll^CS-Ilsri^.. 




FOR OUR ICE BUSINESS 

we have storage capacity for 4,000 Tons. Keep constantly on hand a 
very large stock of best MAINE ICE and have cargoes arriving 
throughout the year. Special inducements offered to the WHOLESALE 
TRADE. 

AND 

WOOD. 

©IF® C?OAIi IA11 

is always supplied with complete stocks of free-burning RED and 
WHITE ASH COALS, of all sizes, also with the best GEORGE'S 
CREEK CUMBERLAND COAL, all of which is sold in any quanti- 
ty desired. 

OUR WOOD BUSINESS 

is confined to Retail. We offer best OAK AND PINE WOOD 
Sawed and Delivered to any part of the City. 

Having extensive Wharf Property and ample room for every Branch 
of our Business, we can confidently offer our services to the Public, at 
Home and Abroad. We guarantee Lowest Market Prices and satisfac- 
tion in every respect. Our facilities are unsurpassed. 

NOTTINGHAM & WRENN. 



102 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

NORFOLK'S EXPORT TRADE. 



yJ iHE export trade of Norfolk, which forms the opening subject of this 

* year's review, its astonishing growth, the many vicissitudes through 
which it has successfully passed, its present permanency, its great im- 
portance to the commercial welfare of the city, and its effect upon the 
money market, or its own collateral branches, furnishes such an interest- 
ing array of facts that the most enthusiastic writer could not but find in 
it a pleasant theme, upon which the most elaborate and interesting arti- 
cles may be based. The press of the city and State has from time to, 
time kept our people conversant with its progress, and even then the causes 
that have conduced to its growth have been overlooked in the haste to 
ascertain their results. 

The table of exports by articles, to date, commencing with the year 
1865, illustrates all the variations in the value of articles shipped direct 
since that year, as recorded at the Custom House. It will be noticed 
that in 1865 the exports were valued at $11,538, of which $11,163 were 
staves, and that no cotton was shipped that year; that in 1866 assorted 
cargoes went out to the value of $413,405, of which amount $119,023 
was cotton, the first lot exported in the steamer Ephesus, subsequently 
wrecked on the coast of Newfoundland. 

From this date forward every effort was made to establish direct trade 
with Europe, with varying success, until in 1874, when nearly 50,000 
bales of cotton were shipped to Liverpool and the cotton began to come 
in from the South in such quantities as to justify reasonable hopes of its 
ultimate establishment. From $119,023 in 1866, the value of cotton 
exported in 1880 amounted to $17,508,724, and the total exports from 
$413,405 to the enormous sum of $18,095,158. 

These figures must remove all doubt, if any exists, intheminds of our 
people, as to the importance of the direct trade of Norfolk. 

Two compress machines, the Seaboard, owned by Messrs. Reynolds 
Brothers, and one operated by the Virginia Compress Company, reduce 
the size of bales nearly two-thirds, and during the busy season their fires 
are kept up day and night. The erection of more machines will un- 
doubtedly take place before another season opens, and when they are 
completed there will yet be business enough for more. 

Wharf facilities, already great, last season proved inadequate to the 
demand, vessels being compelled to lie out in the stream until berths could 
be obtained for them. This obstacle will also be partially removed by 
another season, and many new wharves are already under construction. 
When the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad has been built to Newport 
News, the elevators and wharves of the Norfolk and Western (late At- 
lantic, Mississippi and Ohio) Railroad completed, the grain exports will 
no doubt figure conspicuously in the annual list of articles and swell the 
footings of each year's table of figures. 

The attention of stock raisers in West Virginia has been drawn to the 
superior facilities offered them for the safe and cheap shipment of cattle 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



103 



through Norfolk, and last year, head cattle valued at $117,100 were 

billed direct to Liverpool, with the most encouraging results. 

The following tables show the vessels, tonnage, &c, cleared from this 

port in 1879 and '80, their destinations, nationality, value of cargoes, 

&c"; bales of cotton exported direct from season of 1865 and '6 to March 

31st, 1881, and also articles, value and total footings from January 1st, 

1865, to December 31st, 1880, as accurately compiled from the official 

records of the Custom House : 

Exports of Cotton by Bales for 16 Years, from September 1st to August 31st, each Year: 

Seasons. 
1865- ; 6 
1866-7 
1867-'8 
1868-'9 

1869-70 , 

1870-'l 
1871-'2 
1872-'3 
1873-'4 .... 



Bales. 


Seasons. 


Bales. 


733 


1874-'5 


67,212 


14,168 


1875-'6 


. 108,683 


8,279 


1876-'7 


116,855 


7,527 


1877-'8 


. 159,357 


. 4,745 
5,142 


1878-'9 
1879-'80 


203,536 
257,065 


4,687 

8,282 

20,346 


1880-' 1 .... 
September 1st, '80, to March 

31, '81, (7 mouths) . 286, 621 


s of Vessels which Cleared for Foreign Ports during tht 


with their 


Tonnage and 


Value of Cargoes : 




Tonnage. 


Val. Cargoes 




63,936 
36,961 
23,407 


$7,960,476 
6,477,629 
3,135,362 




197 


6,800 




4,738 


416,277 




7,710 


99,614 




136,949 


$18,095,158 



Class No. 

Steamships 38 

Ships 28 

Barks 32 

Barkentines 1 

Brigs , 12 

Schooners 20 

Total 131 

The aggregate tonnage of foreign-bound vessels during the calendar year 1879 was 
112,485 tons, which shows a balance in favor of the calendar year 1880 of 24,464 tons. 

Destinations.— Liverpool, 78; Barbadoes, 11 ; Jamaica, 8; Demerara, 6; Hamburg, 3; 
Bremerhaven, 3; Reval, 3; Amsterdam, 2; Havre, 2; Rouen, 2; Cat Island, 2; Cork, 2; 
Marsala, 2 ; Martinique, 1 ; St. Thomas, 1 ; Bilboa, 1 ; Nassau, 1 ; Costa Rica, 1 ; St. 
Pierre, 1 ; Port Simon, 1. 

Nationalities. — British, 75 ; American, 35; Spanish, 8; Norwegian, 7; German, 2; 
Dutch, 1 ; Austrian, 1 ; Russian, 1; Italian, 1. 

COASTWISE TRADE. 

A Comparative Statement of the Coastwise Entrances and Clearances for the Calendar Years 
Ending December 31 st, 1879 and 1880: 
ENTRANCES. 
Yeae. No. of Vessels. Tonnage. 

1880.... 1,305 1,220,229 

1879 1,068 973,459 



In favor of '80. 



237 

CLEARANCES. 
No. of Vessels. 



Year. 

1880 1,000 

1879 1,020 



246,734 



Tonnage. 

1,040,083 
1,018,699 



In favor of 79.. 
In favor of '80 . 



20 



21,414 



o 



w 
O 

H 

H 

fi CO 



Ph § 
O g 

pL| s 

M I 

H 

O 

i— i 



P 






1 


:co : : • : : 








iO 


00 


■ 


CD 


: ° : : : : : 








n 


CO 

■o 




00 


































:^ : : : * : 
















co o co :© :«ON : to ;ow 






Ol -+ »0 • CD • CO O CO -CD ■ O -# 








or-i-^ ;oo ;t-iCf f :»o : t-^t© 


^ 




CD 


o-^r-T : io" • o'olo" • ••^"o' 


03 






i-h cd : (M : i-h : : io cm 








i-* r-t . • • 


■<*< 






^ : - : : : 


«© 


1 




iccw : o : to oi co : to : oi co 


o 






io •* i^ : cm * co i— cd : o : ■* to 








C iCC -CM !H WO *C5 • o o 
















ooo : © : o r- o ; : ^-^ 


-cf* 






ooin : ; ft oi : ;rtO 








i(0 Ol • i ; ; o 


IO 








on 






e© : : : : 


«» 


1 


| 


co o © : o r^i-'oo : co :coo 


o 


1 




fM oo cd : h : — r-io : r- ■ oo -* 


tj« 




OO 1 


wco • -^ * cc to ic • : © t- 




| 












COOC: ! '. r-t © "■*■ I ;COC; 


o" 






wt-'* : : r-t *o : t-cs 


CO 






oj:h ■ • • : ih 


l-^ 


I 


' 


#* : : : : 


m 


1 1 


1 


ocoo -co • oo io oo : : : r— o 


en 


1 




-too ■ © . co r- h- • ■ * o o 


■^ 






cs^c^c^ ;© :r^r-©_ ; : :*-t^ 


IO 


| 


1869 








of cT o* : t-^ * cc' to" ©" : : : of to" 


>o" 


I 


ceo : * cm r-t : : : co o 






00 CM • : 

^ : : : : : 


ot 


I 


i 




« 


1 


- 1 


c-^o : : ; c cc to o ic : ■ r* ■ 


o 


O 


. 


r- r- 1© • • -i— iQooot-oi ! : t- 


CD 


CO 1 


o 


co coo : ; jcrH-tco : : © 


"*, 


10 . 1 










00 


»0 tO : t t CM r-t t- r-> * '© 


00 


of . 


*~- oo : ; : ■ • cm 


cs 


rH 






00 






#? : : : : : 


«e 






© to io : ; ; r- oi o :*o : »o co 


t- 


1 °° 




^- r- © • • • co oi O • »o • i— oo 


1^ 


1 Ol 




ccoocd : : : t- oo o : oi ;>oc : 


CO 


1 * w 












nor- . . Itc^m : : co 


o 


o 


CO 


co oj co : : : rf t c r-> 


CO 






oi co ... : : 


l- 






<& : : : : : 


*© 


1 




oooto ■ * -eoooco : -^ ;oco 


o 


1 9 




C<\ n* ,-t • 1 .GOOliO • O • CD i— < 


CM 


1 CD 


oi 


co to oi :: : ©_ o cd^ : to : t©_ 


t~; 


o 


r- 


c-T—T-ir I ! ;^io'ic • • © 


iO 


o" 




co — to : : :'- 1 : : co 


r^ 


Ol 




"* -^ • • : c : 


Ci 






$# : : . - 


=/ 






c 


00 




kloco • ■ :cxn^ .; : oi © 


o: 


Ci 


co 

00 


TfCOOl ■ ■ : CM CC_ © -c}< • • , *CN 

cm'cccd" . : itD^ccTtT : :o'io 

'— CD ^t • ■ • ; . 00 CO 


00 

if: 


CO 




*-cq : ; : • : 








■^ : : : : : 










^^ 




c p?n ; i : ci o o oi t :ot— 


00 


- s. 

oo 




cooooi ■ • • o o oo r- : : r- -— ' 




GO 


t- r-< co : \ : ^^i. 1 ^, 1 ^. * " r T - 
csco*t*^"* : : uo i-^t-^TtT : | co**o 


cc 

o 




cm co ! ■ " • : 


f 








co 






^ : : : * ' 


3* 1 




cm to o • : -oxohio : co ci 


2 


l 1!^ 




CM ■<* 3 I • • C5 3' Ci tr- CO - OI C3 


Ji 






.c-t-oo : : :t-h;CNCH i 10 "* 


o - 


1 cq 


*6 

tr- 
CO 


•<+ io" — r : : : o' oo' of • r*t 


-* 


1 CM" 


won ; : : t-i i-h : o 


-* 


■ i ° 




»o : : : : 
m : - . 


CO 






f& 1 




OOO : • ;00 0'00 ;00 


o 






OOO : • jOOOOO ;0>0 


>t; 


Ol 




lor-oj : *• Imokioo • co r- 


cc 


uo" 

to 




cooioo • : : o «— ''C cio ;oo 




876 


or-o : : : o-eoco to^co^ ;oo_ 




o~-+"iccT ill °° ch :t-jfj 


o; 






CO oo oo ; ; ; rl ; CO 


« 






CO^CM i-H ; ; • ; 






^- ■ : : 








#£ : : : 


* 


> 




i-i to o • o :oiOOOO : r- i~- 


M 


CO 




cs co o :© : i-* o o o o :ir-oi 


-* 


o 




cMcocD : o :^to-t*co>o *o-h 




of 
1 o 




o r- oi . o -hw-oc-h .qo 






'0^00^^, : t~^ :^C;qCc I 10 . ^ 












OO 


o"id"ccT : t-*T : t^crTof loTco" :oiqo" 


QC 






*-- o tH : -hh : t-i : to r-t 








^C0 Ol ; ; ; 


O 






•p" : : : 


CI 


> 1 




1 Or-*OOOC»C3OOOOOO»0 




CO 




OOTOOOOt-OOOOiO-t^t^ 


C£ 






OOOi-tOOOOOO'OOlOiCOtD 


IC 




C^T" C 3 CO X X Tt 3 CO 3 IO 


CC 






t- t^Tf* to O f c ic c^ o^^ uc w « iq^ 






GO 


e-^oo~of of co'of oo't-rio'io co*"co~ to" 








CO O Ttt to *^ r-t 


o" 






r* Ol r* 


c 






oT 


c 






efe 


5 






HOuioo^rtiMoi : ;oooi 


CI 






co o o '■" — oi -t to a . . o cm 'O 




oo 




r- 1 O 'CO CO X O CO tD *^ '. t O C^i— 1 


c- 


"*1 


O 


oo"co co'ir-^icf*-- n cTo J - ho r^T 




• Ol 


OO 


t^ O -- O "* rH i-H t« 


c 




t^«-i r-t : : 


' CO 


*^ 






o 














^© ' ' 


<* 






T(toooioriD«)«o : co : 3 O 


1 a 


1 crs 




O1003t--*'0»OI— - O -CCO 


,r 


1 ^ 




^^.—.^cor-iocDt- :c ^ :otoo 


1- 


1 o 










o 


CC N COO ■* iO H "*t . .010 


1 '0 


to 




O CD Ol h CO iO ' • CM 


c- 


CO 






c 














t- 


cr. 








r- 






=^r . : 


e« 














' y 








: : : tp : i 








: ^ 

: o 














:— • ! c 


: * 
5 5 






<1 


iSd^g-gg'I'SigiS'l'i 


"c< 


g 




OMoWnSo 


a5 




3 £. O ja < 


5 3 


t> 


o 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 105 

WILLIAM LAMB & CO., 

Ship i Steamship Agents, 

GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
HORFOLK, VA. 

BRANCH OFFICE, FORT MONROE, HAMPTON ROADS. 

VICE CONSULATES OF GERMANY, SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



(We use Scott's Code, edition of 1878, and Anglo-American Steamship Cable 

Code.) 




AGBNTS *&W 

ALLAN and NORTH GERMAN LLOYDS Steamship Lines. 

Issuing Through Bills of Lading from Norfolk to 
LIVERPOOL, BREMEN, AND OTHER EUROPEAN PORTS. 

LIVERPOOL, MEMPHIS ID NORFOLK STEAMSHIP LINE," 

Consignment of First-class Freight Steamers solicited, to load upon this 
Line. Ships chartered from all ports of the United States. 

oo^-Xjiisra- depot, 

Steamships consigned to us supplied with the best Steam Coals, and quick 
dispatch in harbor or at Quarantine Station at lowest rates. 

DISTRESSED VESSELS. — Consignments of distressed vessels solicited 
and satisfaction guaranteed. 






106 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

MWWWnBB MM@W J MM J MMt 



AND SHIPPEES OF 

Cotton, Grain ® Naval Stores, 

AND 

Isiiiiiii ti Sat? wit ®i Silli 

ALSO AGENTS OF 

SOUTH ATLANTIC STEAMSHIP LINE 

TO XiXYBRPOOL. 

Vice Consulates of GREAT BRITAIN, Agents for LLOYD'S, LIVERPOOL, 

NETHERLANDS, and GLASGOW, ITALIAN, DUTCH, 

BRAZIL. FRENCH and AUSTRIAN 

UNDERWRITERS. 

MYERS &d CO., 

(ESTABLISHED 1786.) 

Steamship Agents, Ship Brokers, 

AND 

GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 

M«aP»liK^ TA. 
Offices, Norfolk City And Hampton Roads, Va. 

Cable Address, " MYERS," Norfolk. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 107 

JOBcsrsTo:^ & beo. 

Ship Brokers and Agents. 

No. 76 WATER STREET, UP STAIRS, 

p. o. Box, 577. NORFOLK, VA. 

i i m 

VESSELS FURNISHED PROMPTLY FOR ALL CARGOES. 



BUILDERS' MATERIAL. 



jftO great has been the advances in this department of trade that the 
p[ humblest and cheapest dwellings in the city, built during the past 
few years, far surpass in durability, comfort and ornamentation, many 
costly edifices of former times. While the character of these buildings 
has improved, the cost of building has .been considerably decreased. 
The quality of the bricks manufactured around Norfolk is good, and 
the competing yards being numerous, prices have been brought down 
to their lowest. Fine pressed bricks for fronts are obtained from Phil- 
adelphia and Baltimore, Norfolk yards making only rough work. 

Dealers in building material in the city occupy large warehouses, some 
of the largest in the city, and their stocks of finishing Limes, Cement, 
Plaster, Laths, Press, Cornice, Paving and Building Bricks, are large. 

Surrounded by saw mills, Norfolk is an excellent market for Sash, 
Doors, Blinds, Mouldings, Brackets, &c. Millions of feet of building 
material of home manufacture find ready purchasers, the quality of the 
material being good, at regular figures. Contractors find ample stocks 
for regular goods, and every facility for the prompt execution of their 
orders at the mills in and around the city. 

JOH1I O. GAMAGE T 

100 & 102 WATER STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 

RECEIVER AND SHIPPER OF ALL KINDS 

BUILDING AND FINISHING LIMES, 

Portland, Roman, Keene's and Rosendale Cement, 

CALCINE, DENTAL, CASTING AND LAND PLASTER, 

gWmblt gu.st, (goat §ust, $ xm, gin ffllajj. 

PRESS, ANGLE, CORNICE, FIRE, PAVING AND BUILDING BRICKS, 

TAR, ROSIN, SLATES, &c. 

B^" Special Rates in Freights and Prices for wholesale lots. 

FERTILIZERS. 

jj>N the older sections of the country, where the land has been continu- 
ally cropped until it has become exhausted, the application of ferti- 
lizers is necessary to restore its productiveness. Our lands must be gen- 
erously fed if we would reap bountiful harvests in return for the labor 



108 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

in their cultivation. The necessity of this course is so imperative that its 
observance will often afford an index to the standing of the farmer, and 
he who is most liberal and judicious in the use of fertilizers will always 
be declared the most successful. A thorough knowledge of the wants of 
land, of those elements necessary to the particular crop in cultivation, 
but which are lacking, is of vita! importance to the farmer when using; 
chemical fertilizers, as also is a thorough acquaintance with the different 
brands in the market a matter of direct pecuniary moment, as many far- 
mers can testify to the disastrious results following the use of recently- 
introduced and untried brands, guaranteed by unscrupulous dealers to 
possess the most stupendous recuperative properties, as set forth in 
pamphlets full of the most flattering certificates from farmers in the North 
and West, whose existence began and ended in the manufacturers' fertile 
imagination. Impositions in fertilizers can easily be avoided by the most: 
inexperienced farmer, if he will accept the experience of others, whose 
opinions are the result of long and varied experiments, and, after settling 
upon some particular fertilizer, obtain it only from a well-known, reliable 
and responsible dealer, one whose reputation and best interests demand 
the most absolute honesty and fair dealing on his part. The planter m 
very frequently at the mercy of the dealer, and the ease with which fer- 
tilizers may be adulterated with the most worthless substances, renders 
the trade peculiarly liable to gross impositions. It is a well-known fact 
that North Carolina and some parts of Virginia have been made success- 
ful cotton growing sections through the use of chemical fertilizers which 
force the plant to attain its growth, and the bulb its full development, 
at a much earlier season than they could possibly do without this scien- 
tific aid rendered the soil. Of late years the fertilizer dealers have turned 
their attention to preparing fertilizers from raw materials, and their suc- 
cess is best attested by the continually increasing patronage received from 
the largest truckers and planters around Norfolk and in Carolina. 

Last year, for the first time, German Potash Salts were imported direct 
from Hamburg and unloaded on our wharves, for use in the manufacture 
of fertilizers at the factories in this city. 

Progress in no business is more marked than in this, and dealers have 
been quick to extend the sphere of their operations by putting pure goods 
upon the market, willing to have them judged solely by their merits. 

In the warehouses of Norfolk may be found Peruvian Guano, direct 
Government importation, Bone-Dust, Animal Matter, Dried Blood, Bone 
Black, Dissolved Bone, Fish Guano, Plaster, Kainit, Sulph. Ammonia, 
Nit. Soda, Sulph. Soda, Nit. or Sulph. Potash, in excellent mechanical 
condition, and all kinds of fertilizers of undoubted purity, calculated to 
recuperate impoverished soil, all of which are sold at prices identical with 
those of other markets, or consistent with sound business principles. 
Norfolk contains one incorporated company and two firms engaged in 
manufacturing fertilizers, and their goods are every day winning favor 
with Southern farmers, to the exclusion of other brands once considered 
high in the scale of excellence. The three establishments referred to are 
controlled by men of recognized worth, and with abundant means at 
hand, they are pushing the business to the very climax of success. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



109 



\ 



1 




110 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

CHARLES RED & SON, 

NORFOLK, VA. 

Commission Merchants, 

AND DEALERS IN 

Staves, Treenails, Peruvian Guano 

STANDARD FERTILIZERS, 

AND MANUFACTURERS OF THE 

"Farmers' Favorite" § "Farmers' Challenge" 

Compounds of Fish, Flesh, Blood and Bones. 

The three last named articles being obtained principally from the Slaugh- 
ter Houses in and near the City. In many instances the action of these 
Fertilizers has been 

EQUAL TO THE BEST PERUVIAN. 

As testimonials in our possession will abundantly show. 

We manufacture a 

MILD AGRICULTURAL LIME, 

NEW PROCESS. NOT BURNT. 

Unlike Burnt Lime, it does not interfere with the germination of Seed, 
or DISSIPATE the AMMONIA found in the soil, or formed from the 
ORGANIC MATTER it prepares for the plant, but utilizes it. 

One Ton represents the bulk of about 33 tons of Burnt Lime. 
We keep constantly on hand 

o. 1 PERUVIAN GUANO, 

10 and 6 PER CENT. 

Raw and Dissolved Bone, Kainit, Land Plaster, 

AND ARE AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF 

YULOA2STITE Q-TTA.lSrO. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 

Upshur Guano Co 



111 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



Wt H pp TiB 



w 



ssv vwwwwwvl wi^s®* v\\\\\\\w\ ^m\» mwwt , :sssm wm vwwwwm wss^m ^^s# ^ 
AND DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF 

CHEMICALS AND MATERIALS 

FOR MAKING FERTILIZERS! 




No. 1 PERUVIAN GUANO, ANIMAL MATTER, DRIED BLOOD, BONE DUST, 

BONE BLACK, DISSOLVED BONE, FISH GUANO, PLASTER. 

KAINIT, &c, &c, &c. 

ALSO, SULPH. AMMONIA, NIT. SODA, SULPH. SODA, NIT. POTASH, 

SULPH. POTASH, &c, &c. 

MANUFACTURERS OF THE 

Peruvian Guano and Bone Dust Fertilizer! 

ALSO, ROYAL PHOSPHATE. 

Office and Warehouse, 154 and 156 Water Street, 
NORFOLK, VA. 

Factory, Bain's Wharf, Portsmouth, 



112 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE ; 

INSURANCE. 



vf /HE great principles upon which the business of insurance is founded, 
i should be familiar to all who are engaged in commercial or mer- 
cantile pursuits. It has become so intimately associated with every de- 
partment of business since the year 1794, when the term " Underwriters" 
came into existence, that its claim to our consideration as one of the most 
beneficial and useful institutions in the civilized world, is fully conceded. 
A few years ago, companies were organized in every direction, many of 
them founded upon plans well calculated to secure the patronage and 
co-operation of the masses, but with little capital in their exchequers, and 
less practical judgment in their management. The great financial panics 
of late years have had a most salutary effect upon these institutions, and 
the majority of them have been forced to curtail their wild-cat operations 
or to abandon the field altogether. The more substantial companies, 
however, have not only held their own, but have become strengthened 
by the growth of years, enlarging their sphere of usefulness, and each 
year adding those elements which guarantee the most absolute safety to 
the insured. The merchant prince whose vast enterprises are entrusted 
to the management of other hands may now feel no alarm for their 
safety, or the humbler artisan entertain no dread that the all-consuming 
flame will cut off his hard-earned accumulations of years, or that his 
family will lose the protection of that friendly roof which the labor of 
his hands has provided, if he will only devote a small stipend to the 
perpetuation of a policy of insurance. Men whose extravagant style of 
living or large dependences prevent their laying up annually a sum 
sufficient for all contingencies, can provide for their families and loved 
ones through the medium of life insurance. 

No thoughtful man of business will omit the item of insurance from 
his list of necessary expenses, and those who are possessed of capital in- I 
sufficient for both the conduct of their business, and the payment of 
premiums upon the insurance of that business, directly jeopardizes the 
interests of all who may at any time become his creditors. As we have 
before stated, the insurance companies with agencies here, have always 
been prompt in discharging their obligations, and rarely indeed does it 
require the intervention of our Courts to obtain just and equitable settle- 
ments between policy holders and the companies. The recent organiza- 
tion of a local Board of Underwriters will, we hope, conduce to the 
interests of all the companies represented, by securing uniform rates in 
different branches of insurance, harmonizing all conflicting interests by 
establishing equitable competitive ground for all the agencies. 



A. M. VAUGHAPJ & SON, 

General Insurance Agents and Brokers, 

No. 96 MAIN" STREET. 

We furnish the best Foreign and Domestic Insurance, Fire, Life, and Marine, at 
current rates. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 113 

i 

ki¥§ipiil is€ &§a€is wi€ ill§liii 

INSURANCE COMPANY, 

TOTAL ASSETS: 832,000,000 GOLD. 

CHICAG-O LOSSES, - (1871) $3,239,091.00 
BOSTON LOSSES, - (1872) $1,429,729.00 

ST. JOHN'S, 1ST. B.,LOSSES,(1876) $465,151.00 

PAID PROMPTLY AND WITHOUT USUAL DISCOUNT I 

Deposited at the State Capitol $50,000, XJ. S. Bonds, for the Special 
Security of Virginia Policy Holders. 

Invested in Beal Estate in the City of Richmond, $31,000. 

®g^- The only Foreign Fire Insurance Company doing business in 
Virginia that has invested money in the State. 

GEO. W. BEY & SON, Agents, 

117 ZMZ^IIsT" STREET, 
NORFOLK, VA. 

JA.MES L. CORLEY, 
Fire 9 Life and Marine Insurance Agent, 

128 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
REPRESENTS 

The Royal Fire Insurance Co. 
The Imperial and Northern Fire Insurance Co. 
The London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Co. 
The Westchester Fire Insurance Co. 

Assets Represented Over Seventy Millions. 

Prompt Attention to Business. Fair Eates. Good Companies. 

C. A. RICHARDSON, Solicitor. 

HOTELS. 



The Connecticut Fire Insurance Co 
The Watertown Fire Insurance Co. 
The Washington Life Insurance Co 



C9 * 



■$} /HERE never has been a want of hotel accommodations in 
\ Norfolk, but to-day the city contains the handsomest and best 
kept hotels to be found almost anywhere. Surrounded by the most 
famous truck or vegetable growing region in the world, with the diver- 
sified products of our waters within a stone's throw of their doors, they 



114 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



are enabled to supply their tables with the choicest eatables of an abun-j 
dant market. The buildings are large, well arranged and located con- 
veniently to the business portions of the city, depots, wharves, churches, 
places of amusement, etc., and they are fitted up with every convenience 
and accessory, both for saving labor and promoting health ; besides which) 
their furnishings are of the most elegant and tasteful description. They/I 
are heated by steam, their floors are served by fine elevators, and eachi 
room furnished with annunciators. Their parlors, reception rooms and I 
dining halls are lofty, well ventilated and lighted, combined with which; 
their furnishings give them an air of elegance and cheerfulness. There? 
are many apartments arranged en suite and replete with every luxury tot 
suit the most advanced and educated tastes of the very best class off 
patrons. Their cuisine is always maintained at a point of excellence in 
keeping with the appointments of the houses, and the surrounding ad- 
vantages referred to. Commercial travelers, health and pleasure seekers ) 
are often induced to prolong their stay in Norfolk by the comforts -s 
offered them in hotels of the city and its accessibility to the great pleas- 
ure resorts referred to in the general sketch of the city and its advan- 
tages. 



NEW ATLANTIC HOTEL! 

Cor. Main and Granby Streets, Norfolk, Va. 

TERMS, $2.50 AND $3 00 PER DAY, ACCORDING TO LOCATION. 



^ygb^Wrif^^ig, 




R. S. DODSOIST, Proprietor. 

Enlarged, remodelled and refurnished, rendering it one of the handsomest structures 
in the South, possessing all the modern improvements, including first-class passenger 
elevator, electric bells, suits of rooms with hot and cold baths. 

The especial attention of Tourists and Invalids is called to the fine climate of Nor- 
folk and vicinity, and to the accommodations afforded by the Atlantic, where noth- 
ing will be left undone to render them comfortable. 

J6@" Liberal arrangements made with Families and parties by the month. 

Jg®" 1 Letters and telegrams to R. S. DODSON, will receive prompt attention." 



ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



115 



The Hygeia Hotel, 




Old Point Comfort, Va. 



Situated one hundred yards from Fort Monroe, at the confluence of the Chesapeake 
Bay and Hampton Roads, being the first point of land lying westward between the 
capes of Virginia, about fifteen miles north of Norfolk and Portsmouth ; all passenger 
steamers running to and from those cities touch at the pier, going and returning, with 
the U. S. Mails, landing only twenty rods from the Hotel, which is substantially built 
and comfortably furnished ; has hydraulic passenger elevator, gas and electric bells in 
all rooms ; water ; rooms for bath, including Hot Sea, and closets on every floor, with the 
most perfect system of drainage of any Hotel or public building in the country. And 
as a resort for the pleasure-seeker, invalid, or resting-place for tourists on their way to 
Florida or the North, this house, with accommodations for about seven hundred guests, 
presents inducements which certainly are not equalled elsewhere as a summer resort 
or eold weather sanitarium. Has during the cold weather over 6,000 square feet of the 
spacious verandas (of which there are over 21,000 square feet encircling the house on 
all sides) incased in glass, enabling the most delicate invalid to enjoy the sunshine 
and fine water view without risking the slightest exposure. The invigorating atmos- 
phere and mild temperature being especially adapted to that class who seek the genial 
winters of the South and cool summers of the North. For sleeplessness and nervous- 
ness, the delicious tonic of the pure ocean air and the lullaby of the ocean waves roll- 
ing upon the sandy beach, but a few feet from the bedroom windows, are most health- 
ful soporifiees at the Hygeia. 

For further information, address, by mail or telegraph, 

II AKEtlSOX PHOEBUS, 

Proprietor. 



116 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

PURCELL HOUSE, 

NORFOLK, VA. 

^ * mm 

R. T. JABVIES, Proprietor. 

Terms, SS.OO and S2.50 Per Day. 



The Hotel is conveniently and pleasantly situated, at a short distance from the 
principal Railroad Depots and Steamboat Landings in the city. 

Street Cars pass the doors going either way. 

House furnished with electric call bells, elevators, hot and cold baths, and every 
convenience for the comfort of guests. 

The House has been remodelled and refurnished until it is second to none in the ' 
South in completeness. 

The Table is supplied with every luxury afforded by this market. 

JORDAN HOUSE, 

Hotel and Restaurant, 

ON THE AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN PLANS. 



MEALS AT ALL HOURS. 



Board and Lodging, $1.00, $1.25 and $1.5© Per Day. 



No. 30 West Market Square, 

3d door from Main Street, 

NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 



ALL GAME AND EVERYTHING FIRST OF THE SEASON, AT 

LOWEST RATES. 



AMOS P. JOBBAM, Proprietor. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 117 

SMOKER'S SUPPLIES! 



"VST. T. HYSLOP, 
No. 93 Main Street Oppo. Academy of Music, 
NORFOLK, VA. 

Manufacturer of the "ECLIPSE," "TRANSIT," "Hyslop's FAVORITE," 

"NINETY-THREE" and "PARLOR," Brands of Cigars. 
THE FINEST EST THE MAEKET. 

CHOICE GRADES OF 

Chewing and Smoking Tobaccos. 
DRY G-OODS AND NOTIONS. 



C?i 



JV EXT in importance to the grocery trade is that of Dry Goods and 
& Notions, and it has served an important part in establishing 
smaller branches of the jobbing trade of the city. The business is con- 
trolled by men whose experience and extensive capital enable them to 
compete with dealers in the largest markets of the country. Their stocks 
are as complete and varied as the wants of the Southern trade demand, 
and are especially adapted to this and other Southern States. Layers 
upon layers of domestic and foreign dry goods, cloths, cassimeres, &c, 
are stored on the first floors of the elegant and capacious warehouses, 
while notions and fancy goods generally, are displayed on the second and 
third floors. 

During the year 1880 the wholesale trade reached the sum of 
$1,500,000, and" the retail $750,000, divided between thirty houses—five 
wholesale and twenty-five retail. In no branch has there been more 
general activity and success. Many new warehouses have been built, old 
ones remodelled and new firms admitted to the field. The capital invested 
in the jobbing business has been placed at the modest sum of $300,000. 
Cautious credits and close collections on the part of our dealers have 
secured for them a reliable and profitable trade in Eastern Virginia and 
the Carolinas. Purchases are made direct of the factories, and all the 
advantages of over-stocked markets are utilized by dealers with their 
ready capital. Northern prices are guaranteed, and it is conceded by 
country merchants in the trade area tributary to Norfolk, that all things 
considered, this market offers them advantages far superior to those of 
the North. The outlook for the present year is said to be very encour- 
aging, and every effort will be made to strengthen and advance the trade. 



118 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE J 



J. B. CORPREW & CO., 



(Successors to CORPREW & HUNTER,) 

42 and 44 Commerce Street, 
NORFOLK, VA. 

WHOLESALE DEALEKS IN 

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC 

BUY @OOD 

AND 



THE LARGEST NOTION DEPARTMENT 

IN THE STATE, AND WE MAKE A SPECIALTY OF IT. 



Our entire stock is strictly adopted to the wants of 

SOUTHERN MERCHANTS. 

WE GUARANTEE PRICES 

To Duplicate those of Other Markets. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



Pete 





119 



*! 



THE E,EAI>ES1S ©F LOW PRICES 

THE GREAT OR! GOODS EMPORIUM OF THE 



b 



H 







< 






o 

hi 



Our stock of Staple and Fancy Dry Goods is ALWAYS Complete. We never allow 
it to run down. Parties can buy at all times whatever they need, without looking 
further, and feel confident that their interest is being protected. 

Our Prices GUARANTEED as Cheap as Any Other House, North or South, for the 
same grade of goods, often times cheaper. 

ORDERS CAREFULLY ATTENDED TO. 

PETER SMITH & CO., 

144 Main Street. 



120 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

DRUGS, PAINTS AND OILS. 



tJiHE showing in this trade is excellent, and although its details are 
{ small, the business continues to grow in volume. Both wholesale 
and retail stores have about them all the appearances of prosperity, and 
they are pushing trade about as vigorously as it is possible for them to. 
Last year's transactions represented a money value of $400,000, divided 
between three wholesale and fourteen retail stores, having in all capital 
amounting to $1 50,000. The stocks are large and the stores handsome, 
the heavier goods being stored in large warehouses, where convenience 
and safety are matters of paramount importance. Besides Drugs, Paints 
and Oils, all our wholesale houses carry full lines of Window Glass, Per- 
fumery, Spices, Teas, Champagnes, Wines, &c, and fancy articles of the 
most beautiful design. The many indigeneous roots and herbs gathered 
in Virginia and North Carolina are shipped in large quanties from this 
city. Druggists and country merchants can secure as pure goods and at | 
identically the same prices as can be had in any city in the Union, and 
in many instances purchases can be made here upon better terms than 
elsewhere. 




DEALERS IN 



DRUGS, PAINTS 

OILS, &c, 

Cor. Water St. and Roanoke Sqr., 

NORFOLK, VA. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 121 



DEALERS XEf 

Drugs, Paints, Oils, Window Glass, 

VMJTISWMSb PWTW¥ 9 &€*» 

118 Main Street, and 1, 2 and 3 Atlantic Street, 

NORFOLK, VA. 

Perfumery, Soaps, Segars, Surgical Instruments, Mineral Waters, Lewis' White 
Lead, Atlantic White Lead, English White Lead, Pure French Zinc, Colors, Varnishes, 
Sand Paper, Chamois Skins, Brushes, Sponges, Kerosene, Pratt's Astral, Fish, Safety, 
Linseed, Machinery and other Oils. 

SOLE AGENTS FOR THE EMPIRE RUBBER PAINT, 

Ready-Mixed, White and all shades. Sample card on application. 

In addition to Paints, we have always on hand a heavy stock of all Goods usually 
kept by Druggists, and invite an examination of our stock and prices. We respect- 
fully invite the attention of buyers to our large and attractive stock of all articles in 
our line. To cash or responsible buyers we sell very low, and will supply good and 
saleable articles, which will give satisfaction. 

M. A. & C. A. SANTOS. 



G"Oia:iT "W. IBTTIR/IR/OW, 

"Wholesale Druggist, 

NORFOLK. VA. 

Druggists, Physicians, Merchants, and those who buy in similar quantities, are offered 
everything in the Drug line at Baltimore and New York prices. My stock is the 
largest in the city, and as complete as any in the South. Send for quotations. 

B. A. RICHARDSON, 
XftEutXaEzxt lit 

Paints, Oils, Glass, Artists' and Coach Materials, 

No. 50 ROANOKE AVENUE, NORFOLK, VA. 

RICHARDSON'S IMPROVED ELASTIC ROOF PAINT, the best mixture ever 
invented for tin or iron. 

STAVES. 



ca* 



$} iHIS city has always enjoyed a favorable and wide-spread reputation 
I as a stave market, and although our table of exports shows a 
marked decline in this article, its importance and value to the city is 
felt by all branches of business. The Windward Islands have always 
drawn their supplies from this source, and for making packages 



122 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE j 

for rum, sugar and molasses, Norfolk staves have invariably receiv- 
ed the preference, while many of the Mediterranean wine districts 
obtain all their staves here. The peculiar excellence of quality and finish 
characteristic of our staves render them superior to all others for general 
use, as we have stated, or for the manufacture of wine casks. They are 
subjected to a rigid inspection by licensed inspectors, and all staves that 
do not conform to the requirements, appended below, are rejected. These 
staves are also so clearly and carefully cut that no surplus wood is left 
upon them, and apart from the advantage of saving freight, makers of 
casks find that very little labor is necessary to put them in required shape. 
From January, 1865, up to December 31st, 1880, the value of staves 
exported direct from Norfolk amounted to exactly $4,353,649; the year 
1872 figuring the largest, the exports that year amounted to $411,638. 

The white oak timber of this region, besides being valuable for use in 
rum and wine casks, is far superior to that grown elsewhere for ship 
building, a fact recognized by the Navy Department and shipwrights 
everywhere, it being of very fine close grain, tough and heavy. In for- 
mer years, the General Government required that all white oak delivered 
for its use should be grown within fifty miles of salt water, and it is 
well known that vessels built during and since the war, when this re- 
quirement became obsolete, have never compared favorably with those 
built prior to that time, in point of durability. The famous " Pasture" 
oaks of England are similar to those of Virginia and North Carolina. 

For the information and guidance of those engaged in the trade, we 
re-publish from last year's book the 

dimensions of and directions fob getting dressed staves and heading 
for the Norfolk Market. 

White Oak Pipe Staves —54 to 56 inches long, not less than 54 inches. — 3t inches 
and upward wide; must not be less than 3} inches, and not less than 1 inch thick on 
thin edge. White Oak Hhd. Staves— 42 to 44 inches long, not less than 42 inches — 3£ 
inches and upward wide; must not be less than 3\ inches, and not less than f inch 
thick on thin edge. White Oak Heading — 28, 30 and 32 inches long — 5 inches and 
upward wide ; not less than 5 inches, and full f inch thick on thin edge. White Oak 
Barrel Staves — 32 and 34 inches long, 3 inches and upward wide; not less than 3 
inches, and not less than § inch thick on thin edge. Red Oak Hhd. Staves — 42 to 44 
inches long, not less than 42 inches — should be 4 inches and upward wide ; must not 
be less than 3} inches in any part, and from f to 1 inch and upward thick on the thin 
edge. All Staves and Heading must be of sound wood, free from knots and all other 
defects. Must be rived with the grain, and split from the bark to the centre — not 
slabbed off. They must be straight, with square edges, and moderately dressed with 
drawing knife to nearly a uniform thickness. White Oak Staves and Heading must 
be free of sap. Red Oak Staves may have sap on them. White Oaks with sap on 
them are classed Red Oaks. Makers of Staves should get none less than full one inch 
thick, to allow for shrinkage in seasoning, and they should lay off the logs one or two 
inches longer than the Staves are required to be, to allow for the " running of the saw.' f 
Want of length is fatal to any of the classes of Staves. All Staves are sold here by 
the long thousand of 1200 pieces. 

Two wealthy and enterprising firms are large shippers of staves, in 
fact almost the entire business of exports in that article is controlled by 
them, one of the firms operate a large yard on the Portsmouth side of 
the river, where unequalled wharf facilities are abundant and handling 
and shipping can be done with little labor and at moderate cost. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 123 



VM. H. PETERS. 



WASHINGTON EEED. 



PETERS & REED, 



SHIPPING AND GENERAL 



1 
J 




J 




D 



AND DEALERS IN 



Staves and Lumber, 

Water Street, NORFOLK, VA., 
Water Street, PORTSMOUTH, VA. 



124 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE J 

DEALERS IN 

MEN'S, YOUTH'S AND BOY'S 

Fine, Medium and Low-G-rade Clothing, 

AND GENTS' FURNISHING GOODS. Ac. 

No. 124 Main Street, Norfolk, Va. 
FURNITURE, CARPETS AND PIANOS. 



a 



jjtf ORFOLK can justly boast of possessing the largest and handsomest 
^1 warerooms and stocks in this line to be found south of Philadelphia. 
The varieties displayed include parlor, drawing- room, chamber, office and I 
school furniture, made from the most exquisitely chiseled rosewood or 
the common Virginia pine — the most exacting tastes may be satisfied. 
Among the articles usually found in these houses are also window shades, 
clocks, mattresses, baby carriages, picture cord, tassels, &c. The firms 
in the business are liberal and enterprising, and their goods are always 
purchased direct from the factories. Carpets of every quality and design, 
from the ordinary American makes to the more elegant and expensive 
Axminster, constitute an important part of their stock, while mattings 
and many novel floor coverings can be had in profusion. From the most 
renowned piano and organ factories of the world these instruments are 
obtained direct, and are offered with the most absolute guarantees, at the 
same prices that are obtained at the factory. With $150,000 capital, 
sales aggregating $400,000 were made in 1880. 

During the dull seasons, the heads of our principal firms in this busi- 
ness, visit in person the largest factories of the country and make such 
selections as, in their experienced judgments, are best adapted to the 
wants of their particular trade. 

North Carolina and Virginia purchasers find Norfolk an excellent and 
advantageous market in which to make their selections, and each succeed- 
ing year brings increased business to our merchants. The sale of pianos 
and organs has grown of late to be very large, owing, no doubt, to the 
superiority of the instruments oifered, together with scrupulous guaran 
tees of our dealers. Experience has taught our people that it is far wiser, 
more economical and satisfactory to do business with merchants at home, 
who are in every sense reliable and responsible, merchants whose repu- 
tations are above imputations, and who are always accessible when guar- 
antees are to be made good. Some of the firms in this business are com- 
posed of men who are appreciated for their commercial and moral worth, 
and they are recognized as enterprising, wide-awake, prominent citizens. 



b| 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



125 



fill CARPETING II PIANOS. 




Cor. Main and G-ranby Streets. 

fHE OLDEST FURNITURE HOUSE IN NORFOLK. 




Hie Largest and Most Complete Stock 

OF ANY HOUSE IN OUR BUSINESS IN VIRGINIA. 

OUR FURNITURE DEPARTMENT 

is most complete, embracing every article wanted to furnish a house, from the cheap- 
est to the most elaborate and expensive quality. 

ottir, oabpet BiR^israia: 

s fully stocked with all grades of floor covering, from that wanted by the poor man 
for his cottage to the finest Velvet or Brussells Carpet for the mansion of the rich. 
We call especial attention to our MUSIC DEPARTMENT. We keep constantly a 
arge assortment of the very best PIANOS made in the World, comprising the cele- 
brated instruments of CHECKERING & SONS, STEINWAY & SONS, HENRY F. 
flLLER and W. P. EMERSON. Every instrument sold at manufacturers' prices 
nd guaranteed for five years. 

>ur Prices are Guaranteed as Low as in New York or Baltimore. 



126 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

HILDRETH'S 

Furnituee Depot, 



WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 



ETC., ETC., 

No. 42 ROANOKE AVENUE, 

NORFOLK, VA. 



OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, 

IN SUCH QUANTITIES, AND ON SUCH TERMS, AS TO INSURE THE VERY LOWEST 

FIGURES. 

The Establishment is strictly FIRST-CLASS, and CUSTOMERS ARE GUARAN- 
TEED PERFECT SATISFACTION. A call from the Ladies is solicited. Stock of 

CHAMBER AND PARLOR FURNITURE 

IS ONE OF THE FINEST EVER EXHIBITED IN NORFOLK. 

" 

NEW GOODS CONSTANTLY ARRIVING. NEWEST STYLES AND RICHEST 
DESIGNS. DEFY COMPETITION IN QUALITY AND PRICES, 



GREAT REDUCTION IN 

FURNITURE, LOUNGES, M. T. and EXTENSION TABLES 

WALNUT PARLOR & CHAMBER SUITES, CRADLES, 

SIDEBOARDS, ETC., ETC. 



£j§r Correspondence from Country Merchants Solicited. 




so 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 

t> *^ 
so 

go 

GO ,, 
H O 

M?0 

&§§ 

£ggO 
* O g g ► 5 a. 

f |^s| § 

^ fd S3 O (j». S 
SS. SO SO PC PO ^ - • 

- gso^o°: 



127 



gso£0~ . 



^ I-* mm m &> ^i^h2^ -. 






5 3»' 



»-* 
CD 
CD 



s 



CO 

o 

» 

■o 

as 

3. 
3 



S0'U2gdw0 
co Hr: so r 

ho^Ort 5. 

Q CCQH 

r> go 
*gg 



J/2 



5>H 

, o 




128 NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

COTTON AND COMMISSION. 



rffl , HE Cotton-commission business of Norfolk is decidedly its largest, 
\ and to it is directly due the rapid advancement of the city as a 
commercial centre. Millions of dollars worth of cotton is marketed here 
each season, while every bale shipped through the port contributes some- 
thing towards building up our merchant marine and to the commercial 
growth of the city. Until the year 1865 very little cotton was handled 
in this city, but from that year until the present the receipts have con- 
tinued to increase, constituting now, as we have said, by far the wealth- 
iest and most important business of the place. From one extremity of 
Water street to the other, up the streets at right angles with it, in alleys, 
open lots, and on the wharves, great fields of cotton, bales piled upon 
bales, are to be seen during almost any portion of the year, and when 
the season is at its best the streets and pavements are completely blocked 
up with the fleecy staple. Storage cannot be had, even though the 
warehouse accommodations are considered excellent, and the city con- 
tains some of the largest buildings for storage in the State, Mammoth 
steamships lie three abreast at some of the wharves, and as rapidly as 
the compress machines can reduce the dimensions of a bale it is quickly 
stored in the vessels by able-bodied, experienced cotton jammers. The 
blockade, however, does not appear to be effected by the immense car- 
goes taken from it, until late towards the Spring, when its volume be- 
comes reduced to a state in which it is easily handled. The Virginia 
Compress Company, Col. James L. Harway, President, and the Sea- 
board Cotton Press, Messrs. Reynolds Brothers owners, with capacity of 
11,000 bales per week, have been taxed to their utmost this season, 
working relays of men night and day in order to despatch the many 
sailing vessels and steamships with their cargoes. 

In February of this year a number of prominent and influential citi- 
zens met and organized a Cotton Compress and Shipping Company, to 
be known as The Shippees Compress Company. The following 
officers and directors were elected : Barton Myers, President ; Cald- 
well Hardy, Secretary and Treasurer ; Directors, Barton Myers, Win. 
H. Peters, Wra. J. Donald, Dr. Thomas Hardy, P. S. Galatti ; Superin- 
tendent, James Gerow. The minimum paid up capital was placed at 
$100,000, and maximum allowed capital at $500,000. It is the inten- 
tion of the Company to immediately erect several powerful '• Morse " 
patent compresses, of 2,500 tons pressure each, the largest and best ever 
constructed. Work will be commenced at once upon the one to be built 
on Messrs, Peters & Reed's wharf, Portsmouth. Besides the business of 
compressing, the Company will become extensive charterers and ship- 
pers, and it is their purpose to largely increase our facilities for foreign 
and coastwise shipments of cotton. Possessed of abundant available 
capital, this company will unquestionably become one of the first corpo- 
rations in the State, certainly the largest of its kind. 

The following table exhibits the receipts of cotton, by bales, at Nor- 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 129 

folk for 21 years, beginning with September 1st and ending with August 
31st, each year: 



Year. 




Bales. 


Year. 


Bales. 


1858-'9 


. 


6,174 


1871 -'2 


258,730 


1859-'60 


. 


17,777 


1872-'3 


- 405,412 


1860-'l 


_ 


33,193 


1873-'4 


472,446 


[War between the States). 




1874-'5 


- 393,672 


1865-'6 


. 


59,096 


1875-'6 


469,998 


3866-7 


■ _ 


126,287 


1876-7 


- 509,612 


1867-'8 


_ 


155,591 


1877-8' 


430,557 


1868-'9 


_ 


164,789 


1878-9 


- 443,285 


1869-70 


. 


178,352 


1879-'80 


- 597,086 


1870-'! 


_ 


302,930 


Sept. 1st, 


1880, to Feb. 29th, '81 








(6 months) - 585,514 



The growth of the market has been steady, and the result of causes 
which have combined to render it permanent. 

The following is a statement of receipts and shipments of cotton as 
recorded at the Exchange : 

Season 1874-'5— Receipts year ending 31st August, 1875 - - - 393,672 

Shipments, coastwise - - - - 326,281 

Exported Great Britain - - - 63,629 

Exported Continent - - 3,583 

Exports - 67,212 

Total shipments 
Season 1875-'6 — Receipts year ending 31st August, 1876 
Shipments coastwise 
Exported Great Britain 
Exported France - 
Exported Continent - 

Total shipments - 

Season 1876-7— Receipts year ending 31 August, 1877 
Shipments Coastwise ... 
Exported Great Britain - 
Exported France - - 

Exported Continent - - 

Total shipments - - - 

Season 1877-'8— Receipts year ending August 31, 1878 
Shipments Coastwise - 

Exported Great Britain - 
Exported France - - 

Total shipments - ... 

Season 1878-'9— Receipts year ending 31 August, 1879 
Shipments Coastwise - - 
Exported Great Britain 
Exported France - - 

Exported Continent - - - 

Total shipments - - 

Season 1879-'80— Receipts ending 31 August, 1880 
Shipments coastwise 
Exported Great Britain 
Exported France ■>-.-.■ 
Exported Continent ... 
Total exports - 

Total shipments - - 594,291 



_ 


393,493 


- 


469,998 


- 


361,053 


103,869 




1,817 




3,007 


108,693 


- 


469,746 


- 


- 509,612 


- 


391,838 


112,245 




1,602 




- 3,008 


116,855 


_ 


508,693 


- 


430,557 


271,144 




157,153 




2,204 


159,357 


_ 


430,501 


- 


443,285 


- 


239,158 


199,815 




713 




- 3,008 


203,536 


• _ 


442,694 


- 


597,086 


• - 


337,226 


246,674 




1,479 




8,912 




- 


257,065 



130 .. NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

From a recent article by Senator Johnston, based upon data taken 
from the official report of the United States Bureau of Statistics, we take 
the following comparison between the decrease and increase in the busi- 
ness of the eight largest cotton markets, between the six years ending 
August 31st, 1861, and the six years ending August 31st, 1879 : 

MARKET. RATE. 

Galveston - - - - - - Increase 197 per ct. 

New Orleans ■-..„. Decrease 28 per ct. 

Mobile _->..- Decrease 43 per ct. 

Savannah - - - - - - Increase 44 per ct. 

Wilmington, N. C. - - - Increase 222 per ct. 

Charleston -'-.'- - - - - Increase Sk per ct. 

Apalachicola ..„__. Decrease 83 per ct. 

NORFOLK - , - - - - INCREASE 1,212 per ct. 

Upon examination of the table of direct exports for 16 years, on page 
104, it will be seen that from January 1st to December 31st, 1866, 733 
bales of cotton, valued at only $119,023, were exported, and that in 1880 
$17,508,724 worth was shipped; the total value of exported cotton for 
the 16 years amounting to $65,969,450.91, with an increase for 1880 over 
the year 1866 of $17,389,701. 

With the completion of two more railroads now building, and which 
are mentioned elsewhere in this work, the receipts of cotton will be still 
further augmented, and with additional wharves the great bulk cf cotton 
now sent to other ports will find Norfolk its most convenient outlet. 

In 1874 the Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange was organ- 
ized, and a year or two ago Messrs. Reynolds Brothers built that spa- 
cious building on Water street for its accommodation. The apart- 
ments occupied are admirably adapted to the uses of the Association, 
and undfr the able management of a Board of Directors, and Norman 
Bell, Esq., the efficient Superintendent, the business of the Exchange 
goes on with systematic regularity. Adjoining the private office of the 
superintendent is a telegraph office; from thence direct communication 
is obtained with the principal markets in the country. 

Besides the regular cotton factors of the city the general commission 
houses handle large quantities of cotton, and many of them are members 
of the Exchange. The actual cash capital employed in the commission 
business is put at the round sum of $2,000,000. 

C. A. FIELD. E. M. GOODEIDGE. 

SOOBBlDt&B, WWH&iB M CM>«» 

COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 

BAiit and FLOUR, 

No. 22 Roanoke Dock, Norfolk, Va. 

«3» QUOTATIONS AND ESTIMATES FURNISHED ON APPLICATION, "©ft 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 131 

J. W. PERRY, 

Successor to McGLAUGHON & PERRY, 

COTTON FACTOR, 



jfc.wrm 



General Commission Merchant, 

Tunis' Warehouse and Wharf, 



mwmm® vi 



§> w <^m,® 



CONSIGNMENTS SOLICITED. 

'The Sale oi COTTON a Specialty and do EXCLUSIVELY a 
COMMISSION BUSINESS. 

DOBIE & COOKE, 

GENERAL 

Commission Merchants, 

NORFOLK, VA. 



Special attention paid to the sale of COTTON, PEANUTS and 
Country Produce generally. Liberal advances made upon Consign- 
ments in hand and the highest market prices guaranteed. Prompt 
returns made unless otherwise instructed. 
Refe^ ^EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK, of Noefolk, Va. 



132 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

S. F. PEARCE. W. F. ALLEN. J. T. BORUM. 

PEARCE, ALLEN &. BORUM, 

COTTON FACTORS, 

General Commission Merchants 

20 and 22 Commerce Street, 

NORFOLK, VA. 



SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE SALE OF 

Cotton, Grain, Lumber, Peanuts, Peas and all other 
Country Products. 

HOUSE ESTABLISHED 1870. 



JONES, LEE & CO., 

Successors to SAYAGE, JONES & LEE, 



«fikJKFI3 



General Commission Merchants, 

IS R«UMnr*B Wlarli 



NORFOLK, VA. 



DO EXCLUSIVELY A COMMISSION BUSINESS. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 133 

A. TREDWELL & CO. 






NORFOLK, VA. 



WBMBEmmmmmwB® 



REFER TO EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK. 



Cotton Factors I Commission Merchants, 

Gwathmey's Building, Town Point, 
NORFOLK, VA, 

J. V. P. QUACKENBUSH. CORNELIUS deWITT. 

QUACKENBUSH, deWITT & CO., 

General Commission Merchants and Brokers, 

No. 9 Commerce Street, Norfolk, Va. 

Dealers in Cotton, Grain, Peanuts, Butter, Game, and General Farm Produce. 
All Orders Promptly Executed. 

SAM'L D. PULLER. JAMES F. DUNCAN, 

PULLER & 33XJlsrCA.N, 

General Commission Merchants § Merchandise Brokers, 

Nos. 11 and 13 ROANOKE DOCK, NORFOLK VA. 

Solicit Consignments of all kinds of Country Produce. Peanuts and Cattle 
specialties. 

Brokerage Department for the sale of Flour, and everything in this branch will 
have our best attention. 



134 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

THE NORFOLK 

KNITTING 1 11 1I1C1 

COMPANY. 

© . 

INCORPOEATED 1880. 



K 



NORFOLK, 



VIRGINIA 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



GENTS' MERINO UNDERWEAR. 

OFFICERS s 

BARTON MYERS, President. GEO. McBLAIR, Secretary. 

GEO. M. BAIN, Jr., Treasurer. H. N. BURDICK, Superintendent: 



Orders from JOBBERS AND DEALERS will receive punctual attention. 



BOOKS AND STATIONERY. 



'rfjHE quality and quantity of reading matter in circulation among the 
J people of any community, will be found very accurately to indicate 
the extent of the intellectuality and refinement of lhat people. Where 
there are large public libraries, many and successful book stores, that 
carry large and well-selected assortments of choice works, there will be 
found a large percentage of well-informed readers. While all kinds of 
business here have been pushing vigorously ahead, that of Books and 
Stationery has in no wise lagged; on the contrary, improvements have 
been made from time to time until the stores of Norfolk will compare 
favorably with those of any city the same size. For beautiful selections 
of costly bound works of fiction, poems, &c, or for School, Law, Medi- 
cal, Agricultural, Theological, Scientific and miscellaneous Books, to say 
nothing of the numerous articles, useful and ornamental, denominated 
fancy articles, our stores are well known. We have four excellent book 
stores with well-filled shelves, and an examination of their prices will 
undoubtedly result in keeping at home much of the trade now going 
from this citv to other markets. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



135 



JWO. S S^MM SWMMEF, 




FUsTIE ST-ATZOlsTIEDR/y ! 

The Finest and most complete asssortment in the City. ,, 

BLANK BOOKS, from the smallest Pocket Memorandum to the largest 

Full Bound Russia Ends and Bands. 
IWELS, School and House Sizes ; the Best Makes. 

PENS, all Styles and qualities. 

Agent for FOLEY'S G-OLD PENS. 
BIBLES, SCHOOL BOOKS, 
MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE TO ORDER ONLY. 
ARTISTS' BKAT&RIAL8, 

The hest quality of Goods for 

Ladies, Merchants, Bankers or Students. 

C. HALL "WIlsTLSOIR,, 



RICH'D WALKt. 



WM. W. OLD. 



WALKE & OLD, 
Attorneys M Counsellors at Law, 

OFFICES, 72 MAIN STREET, 

OPPOSITE THE POST OFFICE, 

ZrORPOIiR. vi'rqihxa. 

REFERENCES : 

The Citizens', Marine, Exchange National, and Farmers' Banks, of Norfolk, and 
Bain & Bro., Bankers, Portsmouth, Va. 

L. HARMANSON. JAS. E HEATH. 

HARMANSON & HEATH, 

jMtoraeye cut &am 9 

OFFICE IN BANK OF C0IVIIV1ERCE BUILDING, 
MAIN STREET , NORFOLK, VA. 

WM. H.WHITE. THEO. S. GARNETT, Jr. 

Late Judge, &c. 

WHITE & GARNETT, 

«a#Mi 1 QranMlluMi iii T 



ROOMS? ' 1M MAIN STREET, NORFOLK. VA. 
Practice in the State and Federal Courts in the Eastern District of Va. 

liEFERENCES : 
Exchange National Bank, Norfolk, Va. Burruss, Son & Co., Norfolk, Va. 

Marine Bank, Norfolk, Va, H. B, Clafflin, New York. 



136 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

T. R. BORLAND. D. TUCKER BROOKE. 

BOZR/LAIfcTID & :b:r,oo:k::e], 
Hffopuiep a! And, 

Corner of Main and Bank Streets, Norfolk, Va. 

JOHN C. BAKER, 
Attorney and Counsellor at Law, 

Office, 78 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 

Notary Public and Commissioner of Deeds for the State of North 

Carolina. 



JAMES T. SAUNDERS, 

Attorneys of £a®, 

Office, No. 6 VIRGINIAN BUILDING-, 
NORFOLK, VA. 

Collections attended to and remittances promptly made. 

fi@ a ' Eefers to Banks and Principal Business Houses of Norfolk. 

JAMES A. KERR, 

OFFICE, VIRGINIAN BUILDING, 
NORFOLK, VA. 

Practice in the United States Courts, and in the Courts of Norfolk, Portsmouth, 
and the Surrounding Counties. 

H. E. WOODHOU8E, 

Htloraoy at Sera* 

VIRGINIAN BUILDING, 
M.AIN and COMMERCE STREETS, 
NORF OLK, VA. 

H. L. WOETHINGTON, 

(For 8 years Deputy Clerk Ciiy Courts), 

ATTORNEY AT EAW, 

VIRGINIAN BUILDING, 

Particular Attention Given to Conveyancing- of Real Estate and Examination of 

Title. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 137 

BARRON'S TAG FASTENER! 

The safest and most secure of any Fastener ever invented. 

GIVES UNIVERSAL SATISFACTION WHEREVEE INTRODUCED. 

THE CHEAPEST HOOK ON THE MARKET. 

Meets with large sales wherever it has heen shown. Liberal discounts to Stationers 

and Printers. 

Merchants ask your Printers for BARRON'S FASTENER, and have no other. 

PRICE, ONE DOLLAR PER THOUSAND. 

Samples sent upon application. Manufactured in Landmark Building. 
Correspondence solicited. Address 

W. T. BARRON & CO., NORFOLK, YA. 

FLOUR AND GRIST MILLS. 



ytf ORFOLK is without a competitor in the superior quality of flour 
W manufactured by her mills, and their productions find ready sale 
in our home and foreign markets. The climate of Norfolk being humid, 
our mills are enabled to produce a better grade of family flour than even 
those of the famous milling districts of the State. In Eastern sections of 
Virginia and North Carolina there are very few mills, and Norfolk 
supplies the demand of this extensive trade area, it being a well-known 
fact that the wholesale groceries of the city handle it in such quantities 
that the mills are never with large stocks on hand, and that our mer- 
sohants also deal in this specialty to a much greater extent than do those 
of other business centres with a general trade of the same volume as ours. 
Our mills also turn out a very superior quality of meal, which is bolted 
through silk cloths, a process not applied in a great many mills in the 
South. The two mills in this city are built of brick, furnished with 
the latest and most improved machinery. Combined, they contain thir- 
teen run of burrs, and can produce daily 150 barrels of flour, 850 bushels 
of bolted meal, and about 200 barrels of hominy. " Old Dominion," 
"Purity," "Ambrosia," "Eldorado," and "Unique" are six of the 
most popular brands manufactured, and they are known to consumers as 
the best goods obtainable in this market. With every facility for the 
cheap delivery of coal at Norfolk, which we are sure will soon be com- 
pleted, and the advent of grain in large quantities from the far West, 
the milling interest will undoubtedly take the leading position in our 
list of manufactures. A few years ago one mill sufficed to stock the 
market with home-made goods, and even then its success was not fully 
established, while to-day the two mills referred to are kept going at their 
maximum capacity. 



138 



NORFOLK. AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



IT 










NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 




MANUFACTURES 

Patent Process Flour, 

BOLTED CORN MEAL, PEARL HOMINY, &G. 

HAVE ALWAYS ON HAND THE FOLLOWING BRANDS OF FLOUR: 

" AMBROSIA " Hungarian Process, 

"ELDORADO," Straight Patent Family 

"UNIQUE," Straight Patent Family. 

"EXTRA AND SUPERFINE." 

SUPERIOR PEARL HOMINY, BOLTED CORN MEAL, 

HOMINY MEAL FOR FEED, CORN BRAN, WHEAT BRAN 
SHIP STUFF, MIDDLINGS, &c. 

T. B. ANDERSON & CO., Proprietors. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



139 




MANUFACTURE ALL GRADES OF 






PURCHASERS OF GRAIN 

AT ALL TIMES. 






Hardy's Wharf, 



•5 

NORFOLK, VA. 



dr 



REAL ESTATE. 



HE year 1880 has left its boldly-written record, ineffaceably upon 
i the page of Norfolk's history. The volume and character of the. 
improvements made in Real Estate during the past year are more than 
satisfactory. Van Wyck's Academy of Music, the Norfolk College for 
Young Ladies, Misses Leach and Wood's Seminary are three of the. 
handsomest buildings erected last year, and they are indeed equal, if not 
superior, to any buildings used, for similar purposes in Virginia. Prices 
have advanced steadily and uniformly throughout the city and its adja- 
cent additions, indicating a healthy, substantial and permanent growth, 
and the absence of speculative fever. The buildings erected have been 
more substantial in construction, ornate in design, and commodious in 
their arrangements than those of any previous year, and attest fully the 
confidence of our people in the general advancement and future of the, 
city.,' 'i - ■- : . 

To a close observer these changes reflect the increasing wealth of our 
people and shadow that aesthetic development which makes all cities 
attractive. In this city real estate has not reached a speculative value, but 
prices to-day are regulated and governed by actual demand. The last 
thing up in prosperous times and the first thing down in times of financial 
depression is real estate. Owners of lots hold against the slightest reduc- 
tion on regular prices, and the difficulty is not to find buyers and build- 
ers, but sellers,, This applies with special force to wharf property, which 



140 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE J 

is in the greatest demand, while new docks and wharves are being built 
in ever direction, where deep water can he had. Since 1876 four hun- 
dred and twenty buildings have been built — 205 of brick, and 215 oft 
wood. Their total value is $600,000. The assessment of improved and I 
unimproved property for 1881 amounts to $9,674,561, being $1,098,421 
over the year 1880. Rents have remained firm, in fact, high, and 
there is an absolute scarcity of houses to rent. Comfortable homes for 
clerks, mechanics, laborers and people in moderate circumstances, at 
lower rents, are much needed. 

JAMBS^TCALROW' 

Architect & Builder, 

Washington Street near Bank, 
NORFOLK, - VIRqiNTIA. 

HARDWARE. 



rjjiHIS city has always enjoyed a large trade in hardware, and its growth 
\ each season has been steady and substantial. The most active com- 
petition in the business has had the effect to bring prices down to the 
lowest figures compatible with honesty and sound business principles. 
Between the firms in the city, $200,000 capital is divided, and the total 
annual business transacted amounted in 1880 to $450,000. The stocks 
on hand embrace every variety of goods known to the trade, from the 
coarsest American manufacture to the finest imported wares, all of which 
are procured direct from first hands, and at such figures as to enable 
dealers to compete with New York or Philadelphia. 

When Norfolk's foreign trade has been so well established that mer- 
chants in the interior will recognize the advantages which this city offers 
as a port of entry, and when full cargoes can be obtained at foreign ports 
for vessels bound here, the hardware trade will receive such an impetus 
as to place it even higher in the list of trades than it is at present. 
Jobbers in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and other States will 
then save to themselves the profits now realized by middle-men, and 
have their goods delivered through the Custom House here. Even 
now the firms here do most of their importing and make it an invariable 
rule to secure to themselves the cash discount on all their purchases. 

The well-known business sagacity and enterprise of some of the hard- 
ware firms in Norfolk have not only given to that particular branch of 
trade its present status, but they have served to inaugurate many new, 
important and prosperous enterprises in our midst. These enterprises 
have been of that nature through which great commercial centres have 
been established. We have one house here which is decidedly the largest 
in the State, and its trade extends over the entire Southern territory, while 
there are others with every facility at their command and in the full en- 
joyment of a valuable trade in Virginia and the Caroliuas. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



141 



PS 



Ul J> 



w 

o 

i) o 
td 2 









go 
CD 





142 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 



Tl 



LIVERY, SALE AND EXCHANGE 
STABLES, 



9 




HORSES, BUGGIES, CARRIAGES $ WAGONS, 

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, FOR HIRE. 

Private Parties, Weddings and Funerals furnished at short notice. Horses boarded 
hy Day, Week, or Month, on reasonable terms. Carriages furnished at any hour of 
day or night. A call solicited. 

B^.C3-0-j^.C3-E "W-A-O-OIsT, 

For delivering Trunks, &c, to and from Depots and Steamboats furnished upon appli- 
cation. 

TELEPHONE CONNECTION. 



d 



4f 



XT- 



» Cadi* Vw t $J&* % ftWi 



^Jackson 5 Gor&m'^" f ^ Is..\^8r *^ />"-.,4?H^X« c,1Brl ' ! "S n -Vfe' 'fSSWr -3/<" <i " 



^t8 9 



I'J^ stalky" 

!3k 






\Cokesbur^ 









.-Mora ». 



Ale/, 



* M\P OF THE] 

PRINCIPAL 

art ni §ltw*\ 

CENTERINC IN NORFOLK, 

WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL CONNECTIONS. 

CARY W. JONES. 
1881. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 143 

STEAMBOAT AND STEAMSHIP LINES. 



*} i HE different railway lines, canals and other avenues of trade and 
j commerce have been fully reviewed in another part of this work, 
and it is our purpose now to call the reader's attention to the principal 
steamboat and steamship lines regularly entering this port, from the 
many trade centres of the country. Centuries ago Norfolk became noted 
for its many and extensive lines of vessels, especially in connection with 
the foreign trade, but the wealthy and enterprising ship owners of those 
days little imagined that their crafts would be so soon superseded by the 
superb iron vessels of to-day. Steam navigation has been adopted on 
all coast and inland lines, and in fact on all regular lines where dispatch 
is a desideratum ; sailing vessels carrying only such freights as are too 
bulky and difficult to handle, or which pay insufficient freight. Imme- 
diately after the resumption of business in 1865, a few steamers, of indif- 
ferent construction and limited capacity, were put upon our waters, but 
as trade grew and the demand for increased facilities became more im- 
perative, changes were made, larger, finer and greatly improved vessels 
for passenger and freight traffic were from time to time put on, and the 
old ones withdrawn for use at points where their accommodations were 
adopted to all requirements. 

To minutely and fittingly describe the different lines now centering 
here, the unsurpassed splendor of the vessels employed, or to give even 
a brief notice of the enterprising and wealthy corporations owning them, 
would require the services of a writer gifted with extraordinary de- 
scriptive powers. Suffice it to say that the management of these lines is 
in the hands of men who appreciate the wants of trade, and with un- 
doubted ability in the conduct of the transportation business, they 
have established influential and powerful corporations, and made the 
harbor of Norfolk famous among the great ports of the world. 

The various railroads terminating at Norfolk form the inland connec- 
tions of these lines, and through bills of lading are issued between all 
points of the country. The accompanying bird's-eye view of the city 
shows the locations of the various transportation lines. 

THE OLD DOMINION STEAMSHIP COMPANY. 

Among the most creditable enterprises connected with our city, and in fact the 
whole State, isthe business of the Old Dominion Steamship Company, whose magnifi- 
cent fleet of ocean and river steamers ply between this port, New York, Citv Point 
Richmond, Newbern and Washington, North Carolina, and many minor points on the 
Sounds and Rivers of the Old North State, and also to Hampton, Old Point, Fortress 
Monroe, Stnithfield, Cherrystone, Yorktown and Mathews The fleet comprises about 
twenty iron and wooden vessels aggregating over twelve thousand tons burthen. 

The Company was started in 1867, succeeding the old New York and Virginia 
Steamship Company, and it has gradually grown to its present proportions as a great 
corporation, with interests and connections in every State in the South and West. 

The distance between New York and Norfolk is 285 nautical miles, and the steam- 
ers of this line generally make the trip in twenty-five hours. The regularity with 
which these vessels arrive may be illustrated by an incident which occurred several 
years ago. The writer was in company with a number of gentlemen when the loud 



144 , NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

report of a cannon was heard, and he remarked to one of the bystanders that he was 
not aware of the lateness of the hour, but that the Navy Yard gun had just announced 
the time of sunset. The bystander replied that the gun fired was not at the Navy 
Yard, but upon the forward deck of the New York steamer, and added with consid- 
erable fervor, ; 'but she's just as regular." 

The passenger accommodations of the Old Dominion steamships are of the most 
comfortable and convenient character ; the saloons are substantially and elegantly fur- 
nished, the tables well supplied, and in fact they are wanting in nothing calculated to 
make a trip upon them desirable and pleasant. During the Company's career of thir- 
teen years not a single life entrusted to its care has been lost. Through the worst 
storms and series of marine disasters these steamships have always passed in perfect 
safety. When the largest of them steam up the river they look as though they were 
conscious of their beauty, and under the skillful management of their officers, glide 
quickly but majestically into their docks, there to be relieved of their immense cargoes. 

The parent offices of the Company are at 197 Greenwich street, New York city. 
The principal officers are: N. L. McCready, President; W. H. Stanford, Secretary, and 
H. A. Bourne, Superintendent. In Norfolk Messrs. Culpeper & Turner represent the 
Company's interests, with their office on the extensive wharf property on Waterstreet, 
immediately at the foot of Church street. In every department of the Company's 
business experience and efficiency are the stepping-stones to preferment. 

The principal steamers of the Company, their names, character, tonnage, route, &c, 
are: 

The Old Dominion, iron side-wheel steamship, freight and passengers, 2,222 tons, 
G. M. Walker,.m»ster; New York, Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. 

The Wyanoke, iron side-wheel steamship, freight and passengers, 2,068 tons, Geo 
W. Couch master ; route same as Old Dominion. 

The Richmond, iron propellor, freight and passenger, 1,436 tons, Frank Stevens, 
master ; route same as Old Dominion. 

The Manhattan, iron propellor, freight and passengers, 1,400 tons, J. A. Kelly, 
master; route same as Old Dominion. 

The Breakwater, iron propellor, freight and passengers, 1,110 tons, J. Hulphers, 
master ; route same as Old Dominion. 

The Hatteras, wooden side- wheel, freight, 868 tons, Richard B. Boaz, master ; 
route same as Old Dominion. 

The Albemarle, wooden side- wheel, freight, 891 tons, A. B. Mallett, master; route 
same as Old Dominion. 

The Northampton, wooden side-wheel, freight and passengers, 400 tons, P. Mc- 
Carrick, master ; daily between Norfolk and Old Point, and tri-weekly between Nor- 
folk, Cherrystone, Mathews, Yorktown and Gloucester Point. 

The Accomack, wooden side-wheel, freight and passengers, 434 tons, George Scher- 
merhorn, master; daily between Old Point and Hampton, and four times a week to 
Smithfield. 

The N. P. Banks, wooden side-wheel steamer, freight and passengers, 338 tons; al- 
ternates with the Northampton when necessary. Now in ordinarj^. 

The Newberne, iron propeller, freight and passengers, 400 tons, T. M. Southgate, 
master; Norfolk, Newberne and Washington, North Carolina, via Albemarle and 
Chesapeake Canal. 

The Pamlico, wooden propeller, 252 tons, Pritchard, master; route same as the 
Newberne. 

THE MERCHANTS' AND MINERS' TRANSPORTATION COMPANY. 

This Company is indeed the peer of any on our seaboard, owning, as it does, the 
splendid iron steamships running regular between Boston, Providence, Norfolk and 
Baltimore, besides a number of equally fine vessels engaged in the Northern and 
Southern trade. Like the Old Dominion Steamship Company, its vessels are the 
pride of our harbor, and officered by able and experienced seamen, who dock their 
vessels with characteristic regularity, running to Boston in 48 and to Providence in 36 
hours. Their connections to the interior are of course the same as the others, and 
through bills of lading are issued from either of the cities named to points South, or 
from the latter to the East and to Europe, over the Cunard, Warren, Leyland and 
Allen lines. 

The spacious wharves at the west end of Main street, in the centre of that portion 
of the city now regarded as the most valuable for wharf purposes, and where vast im- 
provements are under way, are used by the Company, but owned by the corporation 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 145 

known as the Boston Wharf and Warehouse Company, of which Decatnr H. 
Miller, of Baltimore, is President, and T. B. Jackson Secretary. 

. In advancing the Commercial interests of Norfolk, the Merchants' and Miners' 
Transportation Company have proved an important factor, affording ample and speedy 
connections between Norfolk and the cities of the North. The vessels owned by the 
Company are as follows : 

The Decatur H. Miller, iron propeller, 2,296 tons, Solomon Howes, commander. 

The William Crane, iron propeller, 1,416 tons, F. M. Howes, commander. 

The Johns Hopkins, iron propeller, 1,470 tons, Wm. A. Hallett, commander. 

The George Appold, wooden propeller, 1,456 tons, W. Lov eland, commander. 

The McClellan, wooden side- wheel, 954 tons, G. W. Billups, commander. 

The William Kennedy, wooden propeller, 974 tons, M. D. Foster, commander. 

The Blackstone, wooden propeller, 1,147 tons, John C. Taylor, commander. 

The William Lawrence, iron propeller, 1,049 tons, John S. March, Jr., com- 
mander. 

The SARAGOSSA, wooden propeller, 788 tons, T. A. Hooper, commander. 

The enterprise and good management of the officers of the Company have combined 
to make it wealthy and powerful, exerting its influence for the best interests of Nor- 
folk. Gen. V. D. Groner is the agent, and T. B. Jackson assistant. 

THE BALTIMORE STEAM PACKET COMPANY 
(Old Bay Line.) 

This Company owns and operates the most magnificent passenger steamers on the 
Atlantic coast, and they are the palace steamers of Chesapeake Bay, being new, 
adapted to a high rate of speed, beautiful in form, substantial in construction, and 
furnished most sumptuously. With travellers the line is regarded as one of the finest 
and best in the country, forming the popular trunk route between the North and 
South, Under the able management of the president, Col. John M. Robinson, assisted 
by an able corps of competent officers, the Company has become one of the most thor- 
oughly equipped in the country, and proved itself a most powerful adjunct in ad- 
vancing the best interests of Norfolk. A trip upon either of the passenger boats of 
the Bay Line is not attended with the fatigue usually incident to ordinary travel. 

The Norfolk offices of the Company are on Water street, in close proximity to the 
Norfolk and Western (A., M. & O.) Railroad depot, Mr. R. B. Cooke, is the agent; 
and in Portsmouth the offices of the company are at the depot of the Seaboard and 
Roanoke Railroad. 

The steamers of the Bay Line make close connection at Portsmouth with the regu- 
lar passenger trains of the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad, for all points South and 
South-west, and at Baltimore with the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
Railroad for Philadelphia, New York and all points North, with the Baltimore and 
Ohio, Northern Central and Pennsylvania Railroad for the West and North-west ; 
with the Allan, Continental, West India and Pacific, Hooper and Johnson steamship 
lines for Liverpool ; with the Continental for London and North German Lloyds for 
Bremen. The steamers of theBay Line are : 

The Carolina, iron side-wheel, 984 tons, built in 1877 ; 75 staterooms, passenger 
capacity 500, W. C. Whittle, commander. 

The Florida, wooden side-wheel, 1,280 tons, builtin 1876 ; 75 staterooms, passenger 
capacity 500, J. D. Bloodsworth, commander. 

The Virginia, iron side-wheel, 1,300 tons, built in 1879 ; 80 staterooms, passenger 
capacity 500, J. D. Dawes, commander. 

The Seaboard, iron propellor, for freight, 662 tons, A. K. Cralle, commander. 
The Roanoke, iron propellor, for freight, 531 tons, Fisher, commander. 
The Transit, wooden propellor, 475 tons, North, commander. 
The Westover, iron propellor, tons, John S. Eldredge commander, 

THE CANTON INSIDE LINE. 

is a daily fast freight line operated by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
Railroad Company in connection with the freight steamers of the Bay Line, between 
Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia and all points North, having the same connections 
here as the Baltimore Steam Packet Company; and at Philadelphia with the Ameri- 
can Steamship Company's steamships for Liverpool and Antwerp. Over these lines 
through bills of lading are issued. 



146 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

THE CLYDE LINES. 

Of the large steamship interests controlled hy Messrs. W. P. Clyde & Co., of 12 
South Wharves, Philadelphia and New York, from whom these lines take their 
name : their New England lines, coast lines to the various States, West Indies and 
South American ports, it is hardly within our province to treat in this volume. The 
same enterprising gentlemen have, however, exerted a considerable influence in aid- 
ing the development of our city and State. 

From Norfolk they have lines through the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal to the 
different sections of Eastern North Carolina, where they have fostered various auxil- 
iary lines, navigating the smaller streams far into the interior, using boats of lighter 
draft than heretofore known. These enterprises have largely increased the receipts of 
cotton at this port from those sections. Their assistance in reorganizing and re- 
establishing the James River Line, when the route was about being given up by the 
old company, by the aid extended by their Philadelphia line in developing the truck 
growing sections adjacent to our city, are worthy of mention. They have also taken 
large interests in different Southern roads, which connect this city and State with the 
South and South-west. 

At Norfolk the Clyde interests are represented by Captain James W. McCarrick, 
General Southern Agent, whose office is on the Company's wharves, Water street. The 
following vessels comprise Clyde's local fleet : 

The Everman, iron propellor, 696 tons, W. L. Carr, master ; Philadelphia and Nor- 
folk. 

The Norfolk, wooden propeller, 500 tons, Thomas Travers, master ; Baltimore, 
Norfolk and Richmond. 

The Defiance, wooden propeller, 400 tons, R. F. Jones master ; Norfolk, New- 
berne and Washington, N. C. 

The Stout, wooden propeller, 400 tons, W. L. Pierce, master; Baltimore, Norfolk 
and Newberne, N. C. 

The Pioneer, wooden propeller, 1,100 tons, S. C. Piatt, master; Philadelphia, Nor- 
folk and Richmond. 

The Experiment, wooden propeller, 400 tons. R. H. Cannon, master ; Baltimore, 
Washington and Newberne, N. C. 

The FANITA,iron propeller, 454 tons, Wm. Hines master; Philadelphia, Norfolk and 
Richmond. 

The Ashland, wooden propeller, 1,100 tons, Wm. Nelson, master; Philadelphia, 
Norfolk and Richmond. 

THE INLAND AND SEABOARD COASTING COMPANY. 

The iron side-wheel steamer " Lady of the Lake, " 700 tons, with comfortable ac- 
commodations for two hundred and forty passengers, is owned and operated by this 
Company, running tri-weekly between Norfolk and Washington, D. C, leaving the 
Boston wharf, west end of Main street. This is one of the most desirable routes to and 
from the city, connecting us with our National Capitol. During the Summer seasons 
regular excursions over this line are largely patronized by lovers of fresh, invigorat- 
ing air. 

THE VIRGINIA STEAMBOAT COMPANY 
(James River Line.) 

The magnificent wooden side-wheel steamer "City of Richmond, " built in 1880, 
1,001 tons, running between Norfolk and Richmond, is the property of this Com- 
pany. It is the finest and swiftest river steuner running in Virginia waters. 

The iron side- wheel steamer " Ariel, " 700 tons, also belongs on the James River 
route, supplying the place of the "City of Richmond" when necessary, making tri- 
weekly trips between the two cities. 

Delightful excursions on these steamers constitute a pleasant feature of their Sum- 
mer business, passing, as they do, within full view of the oldest historical points con- 
nected with the early history of Virginia. Travellers to the Springs of Virginia and 
West Virginia find the James River route a convenient and enjoyable one. Captain 
James W McCarrick is the local agent of the Company, and L. B. Tatum, Esq,, 
General Superintendent, at Richmond. 

NORTH CAROLINA LINES. 

The steamers of this Company are the Harbinger, M> E. Gregg commander, and 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 147 

the Currituck, J. J. Jones commander, the former leaving the Company's wharf, foot 
of Commerce street, Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays for North Kiver Fisheries, 
Hertford, Belvidere and intermediate landings in North Carolina, via Albemarle and 
Chesapeake Canal. The Currituck leaves same wharf every Thursday for Windsor 
and all points on the Cashie Eiver, North Carolina. Under the efficient agency of W. 
Y. Johnson, Esq., these lines have greatly developed the carrying trade between this 
city and the fertile sections of North Carolina, bringing to our city the rich products of 
the Sound region. 

THE EOANOKE, NOEFOLK AND BALTIMOEE STEAMBOAT COMPANY. 

This Company was formed by the consolidation of several lines of steamers leaving 
this port, and under the judicious management of Captain Henry Eoberts, the agent, 
who is also Superintendent of the Dismal Swamp Canal Company, recently reor- 
ganized, the business of these lines has grown to immense proportions, and the quanti- 
ties of cotton, produce, &c, shipped over them add materially to the trade statistics of 
the city. 

The steamers of this Company, with their routes, are as follows here : 

Steamer Wm. B. Eogers leaves for Elizabeth City and landings on the Dismal 
Swamp Canal every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. 

Steamer Mary E. Eoberts leaves for Columbia, Simmons' Landing and Spruill's 
Bridge every Thursday. 

Steamer Keystone leaves for Murfreesboro, Franklin and all intermediate landings 
on the Chowan river every Monday. 

Steamers Louisa and Commerce leave for Baltimore, Edenton and landings on the 
Eoanoke river, semi-weekly. 

Steamer J. W. Haring leaves for Suffolk, WhaleyviUe and landings on the Nanse- 
mond river, every Tuesday and Thursday. 

Steamer Astoria leaves every Tuesday for all landings on Eoanoke river. 

J. A. KENNEDY & C07 

Norfolk and Portsmouth 



# 



ESTABLISHED 187 5. 



Baggage Called for and Checked to Destination. 

• ■ 

PASSENGERS TRANSFERRED TO AND FROM ANY PART OF THE 

TWO CITIES. 
OMNIBUSES and CABRIAG-ES always on call. 

E^ Our Agents will receipt for Baggage on all steamboats and trains 
before arriving at Norfolk. 

W. T. WALKE & SON, General Agents, 
Corner of Main and G-ranby Streets, Norfolk, Va. 



148 NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE J 

STEAMSHIPS 

FOR BOSTON, 

Providence and Liverpool. 

i* i — — — — 

THE OUT DIRECT HIE TO BOSTON AID PROVIDENCE. 



SPEING AND SUMMER ARRANGEMENT! 




For BOSTON, the MERCHANTS' and MINERS' TRANSPORTATION COMPANY 

are now running their New and Splendid First-class Steamships 
DECATUR H. MILLER, Captain S. Howes, 

JOHNS HOPKINS, Captain W. A. Hallett, 

WILLIAM CRANE, Captain F. M. Howes, 

GEORGE APPPOLD, Captain W. Loveland, 

WILLIAM LAWRENCE, Captain J. S. March, Jr. 
LEAVING NORFOLK 

Every Tuesday and Friday at 5 o'clock P. M. 

The Regularity and Safety of these Steamships cannot be surpassed. 
For PROVIDENCE.— A Steamer Leaves NORFOLK for PROVIDENCE 

Every Wednesday and Saturday, at 3 P. M. 

Freight not arriving here in time for shipment to Boston by the direct 
line will be forwarded via Providence at same rates. 

For LIVERPOOL, by the CUNARD, WARREN, LEYLAND and ALLAN LINES, 
From Boston, EACH WEEK. 

For further information, apply to 

V. D. G-RONER, 

T. B. JACKSON, Agent. 

Assistant Agent. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 149 



WASHINGTON, 

GEORGETOWN, ALEXANDRIA, 

AND POINTS 

North and West. 



The Inland and Seaboard Coasting Co. 

Will, on and after March 10th, 1881, run their Superior 
Iron Steamer 




FROM NORFOLK, VA. 

Leaving the BOSTON STEAMER'S WHARF, on 

TUESDAY, THURSDAY AND SATURDAY, 

At 4 o'clock, P. M. 

For above points, connecting with Trains for 

BALTIMORE, PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK AND 
VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILROAD 

FOR VIRGINIA SPRINGS. 

Returning will leave WASHINGTON, 

MONDAYS, WEDNESDAYS AND FRIDAYS, 
At 5 o'clock, P. M. 

Steamer stops at Old Point each way. 

g^p Tickets Sold, Staterooms Reserved, and Orders for Baggage 
received by 

W. T. WALKE, Esq., Under Atlantic Hotel. 

V. D. GRONER, Agent* 

T. B. JACKSON, Asst. Agent. 



150 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

CLYDE'S 

Coastwise and West India 



STEAM %0^ LINES, 




BETWEEN 
New York and Havana, Mail Line, 

New York and Charleston, S. C. 

New York and Wilmington, N.C. 
New York, Hayti and San Domingo, 

New York and West India Ports. 
Philadelphia, Richmond and Norfolk, 

Phila., Boston, Providence and Fall River, 
Philadelphia and New York, 
Philadelphia and Charleston, S. C. 
Phila. and Washington, D. C. and Alexandria, 

Virginia. 

Philadelphia, Richmond and Norfolk Line. 

WM. P. CLYDE & CO. General Managers, 

No. 35 Broadway, New York, - 12 South Wharves, Philadelphia. 
JAS. W, McCARRICK, Gen'l Southern Agent, Norfolk, Ya. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



151 





I PACKET Mil. 



BAY LINE. 



eTS^Bi&SS. 



FLORIDA, 
CAROLINA, 
VIRGINIA, 
GASTON, 




TRANSIT. 
ROANOKE, 
SEABOARD, 
WESTOVER. 



Daily Passenger and Fast Freight Route 

BETWEEN BALTIMORE, OLD POINT, NORFOLK, PORTSMOUTH, AND ALL 
POINTS SOUTH AND SOUTH WEST 

Passenger Steamers leave BALTIMORE daily (except Sundays) from foot of Union Dock, at6:30 P.M. 
and from Canton Wharf at 8;30 P.M. on arrival of Express Train, which leaves NEW YORK at 3;20 
P.M. and PHILADELPHIA at 5;30 P.M. 

Passengers leave WASHINGTON at 5;30 P-M. connecting with Steamer at Canton Wharf. Connect 
at PORTSMOUTH with Expre js train, Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad, for all points South. 

Going NORTH leave NORFOLK at 4 P.M. PORTSMOUTH, 5;45 P.M. and connects at Canton 
Wharf, BALTIMORE.with Express train for PHILADELPHIA and NEW YORK, reaching Philadel- 
phia at II A.M. and NEW YORK at I P.M BAY LINE also connects at BALTIMORE for WASH- 
INGTON CITY and all points WEST and NORTH-WEST. 

THE BAY LINE DAILY FREIGHT ROUTE 

Connects BALTIMORE via the Virginia and Tennessee Air Line at NORFOLK, with all points in 
South Side and South- Western Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi; and via the 
Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line at PORTSMOUTH, with all points in North and South 
Carolina, Georgia and all points South and South- West Connects Norfolk and Portsmouth at Balti- 
more, via Baltimore and Ohio R R and Northern Central Railway, with all points west, via "North 
German Lloyd Line" with Bremen, "Allan," "Continental," "West India and Pacific," "Hooper," and 
Johnston's Steamship Lines for Liverpool — over all of which through Bills of Lading and rates are is- 
sued, /©^Freight received and forwarded twice daily, except Sundays 

E. B. COOKE, Agent, Norfolk. 
R. L. POOR, General Freight Agent, Baltimore. 
D. J. HILL, Superintendent, Baltimore. 




ONLY DAILY FREIGHT ROUTE BETWEEN 

PHILADELPHIA, NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 



Connecting PHILADELPHIA at NORFOLK via the "Virginia and Tennessee Air Line, and at 
Portsmouth with the Seaboard Air Line and Atlantic Coast Line, for all points South and South-West. 

To insure dispatch, mark and ship your goods via CANTON INSIDE LINE. Goods received in 
Philadelphia at Depots of P W & B R. R.; in Norfolk and Portsmouth at wharves of BAY LINE. 

TRUCK is received for Philadelphia on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. 
^§„For particulars, enquire of 

JOHN S. WILSON, General Agent, 

5th and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. 



152 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



1J 



111 STEAMSHIP COMPANY 



OLD DOMINION, 

WYANOKE, 
BREAKWATER , 
MANHATTAN, 



STEAMSillPS ; 




RICHMOND, 

ALBEMARLE, 

HATTERAS. 



FOR IsTIEW YOR/K. 

One of the magnificent Passenger Steamships of the Line leaves Norfolk 

for New York, regularly every Monday, Wednesday and Saturday. 
Leave New York for Norfolk, every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, 

at 3 o'clock, P.M. 

RATES LOW. PASSENGER ACCOMMODATIONS UNSURPASSED, FREIGHT, 
CAPACITY AND FACILITIES UNEQUALLED. 



FOR CHERRYSTONE, MATHEWS, GLOUCESTER HKD YORKTOWN. 



Steamer NORTHAMPTON, Capt. P. McCarrick, leaves Norfolk at 7 A. M. every Monday, Wednesday 
and Friday for CHERRYSTONE, and everv Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday for MATHEWS, 
GLOUCESTER and YORKTOWN, calling each way daily at Old Paint going and returning. Freight 
received daily until 6 P M. That lor Mathews, Gloucester and Yorktown must be prepaid. 



FOU OLD POINT, HAMPTON AND SMITHFIELD. 

The Steamer ACCOMACK, Captain Schermerhorn, until further notice will leave Norfolk daily 

(except Sundays) for OLD POINT, HAMPTON, and SMITHFIELD. 

Returning leaves Smithfield daily (Except Sundays) at 6 AM and Hampton daily (Sundays excepted) 

at 8 A. M. for Norfolk via Old Point. Touches at Portsmouth going and returning. 



SEMI-WEEKLY LINE TO WASHINGTON AND IEWBERNE N. C. 

The Steamer NEWBERNE will leave Norfolk every four days at 6 A.M. for WASHINGTON, SOUTH 
CREEK, and NEWBERNE, and the PAMLICO every four days at 6 A.M. for MAKELEY'S, WASH-' 
INGTON, and NEWBERNE. Returning, Steamers leave Newberne for Norfolk direct every foin days 
making close connection with all steam lines for Northern Cities. Connect at Washington with Com- 
pany's Steamers for Greenville and all points on Tar River, and at Newberne with Steamers forKinston, 
Trenton and points on the Neuse and Trent Rivers. 

>6®* Freight received daily and forwarded promptly at lowest rates. 

CIJLPEPER & TURNER, Agents. 



ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 153 



|[f 



?> 




Norfolk and Ba 



STEAMBOAT COMPANY, 

Office Taylor's Wharf, one door west Clyde's Line, 



Steamer WI. B. ROGERS, 

Leaves for Elizabeth City and Landings on the Dismal Swamp Canal, 
Every TUESDAY, THURSDAY and SATURDAY, at 6 A.M. 

Steamer MARY E. ROBERTS, 

Leaves for Columbia, Simmons' Landing and Spruill's Bridge, 
EVERY THURSDAY, at 12 M. 

Steamer KEYSTONE, 

Leaves for Murfreesboro, Franklin and all intermediate landings on the 

Chowan River, 
EYERY MONDAY, AT 6 A.M. 

Stmrs. LOUISA & COMMERCE, 

Leave for Baltimore, Eden ton and landings on the Roanoke River, 

Semi-weekly. 

Steamer J. W. HARRING, 

Leaves for Suffolk, Whaleyville and Landings on the Nansemond River, 

Every TUESDAY and THURSDAY at 11 A.M. and every 

SATURDAY AT 11 A.M. 

Steamer ASTORIA, 

Leaves every TUESDAY at 6 P.M. for all Landings on Roanoke River. 

glgf Freights for all points received daily from 8 A.M. to 6 P.M 
Lowest Rates guaranteed. 



154 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



INLAND NAVIGATION. 



mi 11 



THE 




TOGETHER WITH THE 



Chesapeake 6 Delaware Canal & Delaware and Raritan Canal, 

FORM THE GREAT INLAND NAVIGATION FROM 

NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND BALTIMORE 

TO 

flOHTtt CtflOtllW MID Tft£ SOUTtt, 

BY CANALS AND INLAND NAVIGATION FOR STEAMBOATS, SAILING 
VESSELS, RAFTS, &c, AVOIDING THE DANGERS OF HAT- 
TERAS AND THE COAST OF NORTH CAROLINA- 
SAVING TIME AND INSURANCE. 




DIMENSIONS OF CANALS AND LOCKS: 



CANALS, 

Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal 
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal 
Delaware and Raritan Canal 
Erie, of New York 



MILES- 

14 

14 

43 

345 



LOCKS, 



Length. 


Width 


Depth 


Feet- 


Feet, 


Feet; 


220 


40 


7 


220 


24 


9 


220 


24 


7 


110 


18 


7 



J®" Light-draft steamers bound to Charleston, Savannah, Florida and the West 
Indies take this route. 

Steam tug-boats leave Norfolk, towing sail vessels, barges, rafts, &c, to and from 
North Carolina to Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York. 

Freight steamers leave Norfolk for the following places : Edenton, Elizabeth City, 
Hertford, Plymouth, JamesAdlle, Williamston, Hamilton, Hill's Ferry, Palmyra, Scot- 
land Neck, Halifax, Weldon, Columbia, Fair Field, Windsor, Winton, Gatesville, Mur- 
freesboro, Franklin, Currituck, Coinjock, Roanoke Island, Washington, Greensville, 
Tarboro, Indiantown, Bay River and Newberne. 

Jgg^* For rates of tolls, towing, maps and charts, &c, apply to 

H. V. LESLIE, Treasurer C. & D. Canal Co., 

528 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 

M. COURTRIG-HT, Esq., 

Room 69 Coal and Iron Exchange, New York, 

Or to MARSHAL PARKS, 
President Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Co., Norfolk, Ya. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 155 

Dismal Swamp Canal Company. 

NORFOLK, VA. 

• ■ 

(RE-ORGANIZED DECEMBER 1st, 1880.) 



Connecting the Waters of Chesapeake Bay with 
Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, N. C. 

The recent extensive improvements by dredging and otherwise, securing a 

uniform depth of water throughout, recommend this route as a 

desirable medium of transportation between the waters 

of Virginia and North Carolina. 



JNO. B. WHITEHEAD, President. 

Capt. HENRY KOBERTS, Superintendent. 
S. W. GARY, Collector. 

H. C. WHITEHEAD, Secretary and Treasurer _ 

W. H. C. ELLIS, C. W. NEWTON, 

JAMES Y. LEIGH, CICERO BURRUSS. 

NORTH CAROLINA 

ii J1LJ1E juijiim jui^)® 



STEAMER HAEBINGER, 

Captain M. E. CREGG, 

Leaves tlie Wharf foot of Commerce Street, every MONDAY and THURSDAY, at 
6 A.M., for HERTFORD and BELYIDERE, N. C. 

STEAMER ENTERPRISE, 

Leaves the Wharf foot of Commerce Street, every MONDAY, WEDNESDAY and 

FRIDAY, at 6 A. M. for ELIZABETH CITY, N.C. and Intermediate 

Points via Dismal Swamp Canal. 

STEAMER CURRITUCK, 

Captain J. J. JONES, 

Leaves the Wharf foot of Commerce Street, every THRUSDAY EVENING- for 
WINDSOR and all points on the Cashie River, N. C. 

Freights repeived,darly. For further information apply to 

; ; j ; w . y. JOHNSON, Agent. 




156 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

THE _ 

" estern 

PtA^ILHO^D. 

(Formerly the Atlantic, Miss, & Ohio R.R.) 

Is the most important link in the GREAT SOUTHERN MAIL and 

KENNESAW ROUTES. It is unexcelled by any other 

Line running between the 

EAST AND WEST, 

SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST, 

In grandeur of Mountain Scenery, Beauty of Valleys and Streams, 
Altitude of Country Traversed, Abundance of Mineral resour- 
ces, Elegance of Equipment, and in all essentials 
constituting 

Perfection in Kail way Travel and the Acme of 

Pleasure. 

A single view of the PEAKS OF OTTER is well worth a trip over 
this delightful route. The eyes of passengers grow weary while crossing 
the Blue Ridge and Alleghany Ranges, endeavoring to " take in " 
the magnificence and grandeur of those towering mountains. 

PULLMAN CARS ON ALL NIGHT TRAINS. 
COMFORTABLE THOROUGH FARE CARS ON DAY TRAINS. 

The Especial Attention of Visitors to the VIRGINIA SPRINGS is called 

to this Route as the most convenient, comfortable and lowest- 

Direct and Short Route to the following favorite summer resorts: 

YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS, ALLEGHANY SPRINGS, COYNER'S WHITE 

AND YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS, BLUE RIDGE SPRINGS. 

BEDFORD ALUM SPRINGS. 

Tourists and pleasure seekers will consult their convenience by secur- 
ing tickets via this route. 

A " Guide Book " to its Summer Resorts mailed free to any address, 
upon application to the undersigned, 

L. S. BROWN, General Traveling Agent, Lynchburg, Va. 
N. M. OSBORNE, FRANK HUGER, 

Master of Trans. Petersburg, Va. Supt. of Trans. Lynchburg, Va. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



157 




Via PORTSMOUTH, Va. 

EXPRESS FREIGHT LIN 

BETWEEN ALL POINTS 

North and South ! 



STEAMSHIPS TO PORTSMOUTH, THENCE IN THROUGH 
CARS VIA RALEIGH, HAMLET, CHARLOTTE, 
ATLANTA, AND ALL POINTS SOUTH 
AND SOUTH-WEST. 

SHIP from the NORTH by the following LINES : 

BOSTON.— Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company, 
PROVIDENCE.— Providence, Norfolk and Baltimore S. S. Co., 
NEW YORK.— Old Dominion Steamship Company, 
PHILADELPHIA.— Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. 

" Clyde Line, 

BALTIMORE.— Baltimore Steam Packet Company. 

For Further Information apply to 

F. W. CLARK, General Agent. 
A. POPE, SOL HAAS, 



General Passenger Agent. 



General Freight Agent. 



158 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 



THE GREAT 





Via PORTSMOUTH, Va. 



TO AND FROM 



Boston, Providence, New York, 

PHILADELPHIA. BALTIMORE, NORFOLK, 



AND ALL 




AS' 





IES, 



TO ALL POINTS 



i#n43 









itii 



v m W Wei 



1 



ii * tm » ■ 



Observe the following excellent schedule of Connections : 

BOSTON— Merchants and Miners' Transportation Company. 

PROVIDENCE— Providence, Norfolk and Baltimore Steamship Company. 
NEW YORK— Old Dominion Steamship Company. 

PHILADELPHIA— Canton Inside Liue via P. W. & B. R. R. 
BALTIMORE— Baltimore Steam Packet Company. 

For Further Information Apply to 

A. POPE, General Passenger Agent. 
SOL HAAS, General Freight Agent. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 

THIS OlfiB RESIfllABUEf 



159 



VIRGINIA II 111 




FROM 



Boston, Providence, Hew York, 
Philadelphia £p> Baltimore, 



AND FROM 



NORFOLK, PETERSBURG, RICHMOND I LYNCHBURG, 

TO ALL POINTS 

M@miM ®mM M@w$M~W@M $ 

5*-=-—^ Through Rates Given and Quick Time Made. All Claims 
BKISl ibr Losses, Damages or Overcharges promptly adjusted. 

THIS LINE IS COMPOSED OF 

Merchants' & Miners' Transportation Co., from Providence; Old Dominion Steamship 

Co., from New York ; Phila. Wilmington & Baltimore R. E., and Clyde Line 

Steamers from Philadelphia; Baltimore Steam Packet Co., from 

Baltimore ; Norfolk and Western (A. M.&O.) R.R.; East Tenn. 

Va, & Georgia R.R.; Memphis & Charleston R.R.; 

Nashville, Chat. & St. Louis R.R.; Western & Atlantic R.R.; Selma, Rome & Dalton 

R.R.; Alabama Central R.R,; Vicksburg & Meridan R.R.; Mobile & Ohio R.R.; 

New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago R.R.; and their connections. 

Have your Goods Marked: — "VA. & TENN. AIR LINE. 



AGENTS: 



C. P. GAITHER, 240 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON. 

E. H. ROCKWELL, .... INDIA POINT, PROVIDENCE. 

THOMAS PINCKNEY, General Agent, - - 303 BROADWAY, M. Y. 

JOHN S. WILSON, - - - 44 S. FIFTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA. 
W . P. CLYOE & CO., •-- 12 SOUTH WHARVES, PHILADELPHIA 
L W. H. FITZGERALD, - 157 W. BALTIMORE STREET, BALTIMORE. 

W. T. PAYNE, Agent Claims and Expenses, Norfolk, Ya- 

BEFORE PURCHASING TICKETS ELSEWHERE, CALL AT THE 

Branch Ticket Office of the Norfolk and Western R.R., 

(Santos* ^3-u.ilcLixxg;, 3%Xgb±xx Street.) 

Tickets on sale to all Local Stations. Through Tickets to points West, North-west 
South, South-west, and Texas Points. Baggage Checked to destination. 



160 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 



THE 

Elizabeth City m Norfolk 

RAILROAD. 

Norfolk Harbor and Sounds of North Carolina 
Linked by Bail. 



RAPID, CERTAIN AND SAFE TRANSPORTATION. 



Twelve to Twenty-four Hours saved between Eastern North Carolina 
and the Northern and Eastern Cities. 

JUL 




Connections at Norfolk with Steamers for 

BALTIMORE, NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, 
BOSTON AND WASHINGTON. 

At Southern Terminus with Steam Lines for Newberne, Washington, 

Manteo, Columbia, Plymouth, Jamesville, Williamston and 

other points on Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds, and 

Neuse, Pamlico, Tar/Alligator, Roanoke 

and Chowan Rivers. 



The ELIZABETH CITY AND NORFOLK RAILROAD will 
be opened for traffic by or before May 1st, 1881. Its physical charac- 
teristics, natural and constructed terminal, facilities and excellent equip- 
ment will ensure quick, safe and cheap transportation. 

nvr. iec kulstgk 

G-eneral Manager. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



161 



SET 1 YOUR TICB&TS 

OVER THE 

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. 

THE SHORTEST AND CHEAPEST ROUTE TO 

: WEST ! 

This is the only route to and via 

THE FAMOUS ANI> FASHIONABLE 

GREENBRIER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS 

(THE SARATOGA OF THE SOUTH) 

And Other Mineral Springs .and Summer Resorts 

OF THE BLUE RIDGE AND ALLEGHANIES, 

Comprising every variety, from the "Mecca," where fashions votaries make their yearly 
pilgrimage, to the quiet retreat where families find summer homes. 

During the summer season, Round Trip Tickets, at very low rates, to the Springs 
and Resorts on the C. & O. Eailway, are on sale at the Ticket Offices of connecting lines. 



TheC&O 



Has first-class road-bed and superstructures, and all modern improvements in equip- 
ment. It passes through the magnificent mountain scenery of the Blue Ridge and 
Alleghanies, and along the beautiful Valleys of the Greenbrier, New and Kanawha 
Rivers, presenting every variety of landscape in turn throughout its length of four 
hundred miles. 

Emigrants, as well as the general traveling public, save money and gain in safety and 
comfort by taking this route. 

B®" Tickets on Sale and Baggage Checked at all principal ticket offices of the C. & 
O. Railway and connections. 

For special information concerning rates, time-schedules, &c, address 

W. TALBOT WALKE, C. E. YE ATM AN, 

Ticket Agent, Norfolk, Va. Agent C. & 0. Railway, Norfolk, Va. 

J. C. DAME, CONWAY R. HOWARD, 

Southern Agent, Richmond, Ya. G. P. & T. A., Richmond, Ya. 

''.i N. B — It is believed that the Eastern (Peninsula) Connection from Richmond to 
Newports News, and the .Western Connections from Huntingdon to Lexington, Ky., 
and from Ashland, Ky., to Portsmouth, O., now in progress of construction, will all be 
completed in the early Summer. 




162 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

VIRGINIA STEAMBOAT COMPANY. 

STEAMERS " CITY OF RICHMOND " AND "ARIEL." 

Cheapest and most comfortable route to 

RICHMOND AND ALL POINTS WEST, 

VIA C. & O RAILROAD. 

e@°- Beautiful Views of Historic and War Scenery Along James River. °^a 

Steamer leaves CLYDE'S WHAiF TRI-WEEKLY, touching at Ports- 
mouth. 
L. B. TATUM, Snpt., Richmond. J. W. McCARRICK, Agent, Norfolk. 

OUR PRESS. 

Y$ ,HE well conducted newspapers of any city do more to 'aid itsmate- 

\ rial progress in the march of business development than almost any 
other agency. 

To the growth and importance of Norfolk our newspapers have con- 
tributed more than can be estimated. They have devoted their best en- 
deavors toward acquainting our own and outside people with the great 
opportunities which nature has showered upon this section, and defined 
the means by which they have been made available. 

The Norfolk Virginian, owned and edited by M. Glennan, Esq., 
is published every morning, except Mondays, corner Commerce and Main 
streets. Besides its daily and weekly issues, it has published three 
special editions, containing valuable and comprehensive statistics of 
Norfolk's trade; 10,000 copies of each issue were distributed gratuitously. 
The Virginian is a vigorous advocate of Democratic principles and is 
a first-class journal. 

The Norfolk Landmark, published daily and weekly, is edited by 
that distinguished Virginia Poet, Captain James Barron Hope. It is 
also an unflinching exponent of Democratic principles, and the pen of 
its gifted editor is at all times wielded for the best interests of the people 
it represents. 

The Public Ledger is one of the best evening papers published in 
the State. Independent in politics, it is neutral in nothing. Colonel J. 
Rich'd Lewellen presides over the editorial department, and the paper is 
published by the firm of J. Rich'd Lewellen & Co., Walter A. Edwards 
and Joseph G. Fiveash being the partners. 

The Sunday Gazette and the Weekly Herald are two excellent 
weekly papers, the former is published by Messrs. W. W. Degge& Co., 
and the latter by Mr. W. S. Copes. 

The Portsmouth Times is a daily, The Virginia Granger and 
Tidewater Times are weeklies. Dr. J. M. Blanton, a conspicuous 
and able representative of the Grange interests in this section edits the 
three, the publishing being done by the Times Publishing Company, of 
which Mr. W. B. Wilder is the business manager. The Enterprise, 
another popular and enterprising Portsmouth daily, published in the Ar- 
cade Building, is owned and edited by John W. H. Porter, Esq. 



ITS PKINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 163 

The Norfolk Landmark, 

PUBLISHED DAILY, TRI-WEEKLY AND WEEKLY, 

COITAIM AlzSi TIE liJLTSST MEWS 

Transpiring in the World. 

It Has a Complete Corps of Reporters and Correspondents. 

It Pays Especial Attention to Market Quotations, 

And its Reports are thoroughly accurate and to be depended upon, as a number of 

merchants, both sellers and buyers, are visited daily to obtain the latest 

information as to changes in prices of all articles 

bought and sold in this market. 

RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION : 



Daily, .... 

Tri-Weekly, - 
Weekly, - 

Parties sending us a club of nine subscribers to the Weekly one year will 
be sent one copy gratis. 

Parties sending us a club of five subscribers to the Daily one year will be 
sent one paper for a year gratis. 



3 mos. 


6 mos. 


12 mos. 


$1.50 


$3.00 


$5.00 


. 


2.00 


3.00 


- 


75 


1.00 



OUR JOB DEPARTMENT. 

We have always on hand a large stock of PAPER) and the most complete assort- 
ment of JOB TYPE °f an .y office in the State. 

Books Printed at Reasonable Rates 
PRICES AS LOW AS THE LOWEST. 

BINDING • RULING DONE AT LOW RATES. 

Orders by mail promptly attended to. Estimates cheerfully furnished 
and satisfaction guaranteed, or money refunded. 

When in want give us a call. All communications should be addressed to 

IP 



KORFOLK f VA. 



164 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 




■mWBn 



'KrolSX'. <S5mWTC» S5H5 



c^i SHKSS^ '«««>*>' KSSSvSS WSKKBm' 



THE PEOPLE. 



Published every Afternoon, by J. Rieh'd Lewellen & Co ., 
NORFOLK, VA. 



Independent on all subjects and is specially devoted to the local interests 
of Portsmouth and Norfolk, and to the boundless resources of Virginia. 

As a local advertising medium it has no equal in this section, as it is read 
by all classes of people. 

It gives telegraphic news from our State and National Capitols, with a 
resume of the general miscellany so important to the interests of readable 
newspapers. 

CASH TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION : 

By Mail, postage prepaid, per annum, - - - $4.00. 

City Subscribers, per annum, - - - • 4.50. 

Per Week, TEN CENTS; 

Single Copies, TWO CENTS. 




PUBLISHED AT PORTSMOUTH, VA. 

By the Times Publishing Company. 

+--^*--+- 

Has a very large and daily increasing circulation, extending through Virginia, North 
Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. 
The Granger is under the management of the Executive Committee of the State 
Grange, and is edited by Dr. J. M. Blanton, Grand Master of Virginia. 
All communications should he addressed to 

W. B. WILDER, Business Manager, P. 0. Box 335. 



THE DAILY TIMES. 

PUBLISHED EVERY DAY EXCEPT MONDAY, 

By the Times Publishing Co., Portsmouth, Va., 

AND HAS A LARGER DAILY CIRCULATION IN PORTSMOUTH AND NORFOLK COUNTY 
THAN ANY OTHER DAILY PAPER. 

Dr. J. M. BLANTON, Editor. W. B. WILDER, Business Manager. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 165 

KOBT. A. MARTIN. ROBT. R. HILL. A. G. M. MARTIN, 

ESTABLISHED 1830. 

(Without a Change in the Surname of the Senior Partner of the House since.) 



MARTIN, HILL & CO., 
Grocers and Commission Merchants, 

No. 11 SYCAMORE STREET, 

PETERSBURG, VA, 



Faithful personal attention given to the sale of Cotton, Tobacco, Peanuts, 
Wheat and Corn, and prompt returns made of the same. Orders for goods 
from reliable, jDunctual parties will be filled at reasonable prices, and on 
liberal terms. Liberal cash advances made ; especially on produce in hand. 
Consignments respectfully solicted. 

Reference — The character which our has enjoyed for OVER FIFTY 
YEARS. 



L ;.:i 






fbzant 



INDEPENDENT IN ALL THING-S ; 

NEUTRAL IN NOTHING-. 
IS DELIVERED BY CARRIERS TO ALL PARTS OF NORFOLK, 
PORTSMOUTH, BERKLEY, ATLANTIC CITY 
AND BRAMBLETON. 
Circulates Extensively through Eastern North Caro- 
lina and Virginia. 
PRICE, POSTAGE PAID, ONE YEAR, $2.00; SIX MONTHS, $1.00. 

A LARGE JOB PRINTING OFFICE 

Attached, which will duplicate any prices south of Baltimore. 



\ ip v 



PUBLISHED BY 

The Times Publishing Co., Every MONDAY Morning, 

AT E»ai£*TSBffiaXJTT^, IT A. 



The Tidewater Times is a handsome 28 column weekly, and is a fine advertising 
medium for Virginia and Eastern North Carolina. 

Dr. J. M. BLANTON, Editor. W. B. WILDER, Business Manager. 



166 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE 



SHIPPEES 

Compkess Company, 



NORFOLK, VA. 



INCOEPORATED 1881. 



AUTHORIZED CAPITAL $500,000 




3 

OFFICERS: 

BARTON MYERS, Peesident. 
CALDWELL HARDY, 

Seceetaey and Teeasueee. 
JAS. W. GEROW, Stjpeeintendent. 

DIRECTORS : 
WM. H. PETERS, P. S, GALATTI, 
WM. J. DONALD, THOS. HARDY., 



This Company is erecting Two "Morse" 
Cotton Compresses, of 2,500 tons pres- 
sure each, (the largest ever erected at 
this port, ) one being located in Norfolk 
and the other upon Peters & Reed's 
Wharves, in Portsmouth. 

On both of these sites ample Sheds and 

Warehouses are being erected, and all 

Cotton or other Merchandise entrusted 

k to the care of the Company will be care- 

1 fully protected. 

3 Cotton will be compressed promptly at 
the lowest market rates, each Press hav- 
ing a capacity of 70 bales an hour. 
Steamers and Sail Vessels always on berth for Liverpool, and for other Ports 
when required, by which any shipments of Cotton, Tobacco, Grain, Oil Cake, Timber, 
Manganese or other Merchandise, will be promptly forwarded at the lowest market 
rates of freight. 

B^Negotiable Warehouse and Compress Receipts issued for all Merchandise 
entrusted to the Custody of the Company. 

Shipments to be forwarded should be marked care of 

SHIPPERS COMPRESS COMPANY, 
NORFOLK, VA. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



16? 



W. II. TAPPEY. 



ALEX. STEEL. 



TAPPET & STEEL, 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



I 

Jl 



j 



I 



m 



') L 



u 



II AND 



mm 



PRESSES 





Saw ills, Grist Mills, Mill Irons, 

FIiOWS* 
Iron and Brass Castings, 

PETERSBURG, VA. 



GOOD AND CHEAP SECOND-HAND 

BOILERS and ENGINES on hand- 



168 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

J. G. TAYLOR & CO., 

MANUFACTURERS OF 





LTIMORE STREET, 



D. 




Carom, Pool, and Combination 



Pigeon-Hole, Jenny Lind, Bagatelle, 
Spinners and other Tables. 



OF FINEST QUALITY AND AT BOTTOM PRICES. 

R TABLES ARE WARRANTED 

For durability and Accuracy. 
SKBTltt FOB CIBCUIiABS f PKICE USTS. 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 



169 




170 



NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

£HUXf CHTQJNT 1 




THE NEW REMINGTON. 



c&c, dJC, 



S LATB8T BOOBI I 

HE NEW REMINGTON CLIPPER 




Our hard PATENT CARBON METAL PLOWS, by thorough practical 
test, have proved to be much superior to ordinary chilled iron plows equally 
as hard, and much stronger, which enables us to make a Lighter Plow oi 
like capacity, and overcome the great objections of useless extra weight m 
handling to the farmer, and needless additional draft to the team. 

Also Solid Steel Shovels, Scoops, Spades, Hoes, 
Forks, Rakes, Mowers, Wheel Hakes, &c. 

Send for Catalogue. 

A. «& A. €t. AJUFORD, Southern Agents, 

21 S. HOWARD STREET, - BALTIMORE, MD. 



ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTKIES AND TEADES. 



171 



" Norfolk as a Business Centre; 

Its Principal Industries and Trades." 

ILLIJSTEATED. 

At NOEFOLK, VA, 

By CARY W. JONES. 

• ■ 

Unanimously endorsed and recommended by both branches of the City 

Council. 



It is devoted to the commercial and mercantile development of Norfolk, its 

patrons being the Leading Business Houses and 

Corporations of the city. 

Its guaranteed minimum annual circulation is Fifteen Hundred Copies, dis- 
tributed principally among the Merchants of Eastern Virginia, 
the Carolinas, Tennessee and Georgia. 

For the information of patrons, the bonihde circulation is each year attested 

by official certificates. 

Bankers, Merchants, Manufacturers and Business Men will find in it a dura- 
ble, efficient and profitable medium of advertising through which 
the best Merchants in the South may be reached. 

The contents of each volume form a concise resume of Norfolk's most im- 
portant business interests ; collectively, the volumes wil be found 
to form a complete and valuable history, in detail, of the 
establishment and growth of the city and its 
Trades since 1682. 

Copies in Excess of the Fifteen Hundred 

Distributed Gratuitously 

can be had at 

THE BOOKSTORES OF THE CITY, 

Op sent to any address, postage paid, for 

FIFTY dEZLsTTS EACH. 



ADVERTISING RATES: 



1 Page, 



$25.00 
- - - 15.00 
9.00 

Address all communications to 



& Page, 

Card, - . r 

Including copy of book. 



$7.50 
5.00 



CARY W. JONES, 

VA, 



172 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

LEADING BANKS, CORPORATIONS, 
f BUSINESS HOUSES OF NORFOLK. 



In all business centres are to be found individuals and firms who have attained that 
prominence in business for which their competitors labored unsuccessfully Some are 
in the beginning, possessed of large capital aud everything favorable to the achieve- 
ment of success, but through mismanagement, errors in judgmentor some of the many 
hindrances to success, never become distinguished, except perhaps as failures; others 
with energy, enterprise and sterling integrity win their way until their names become 
synonyms of success. It would be a pleasure, if it were in the province of this 
work, to dwell at length and in detail upon the history of the houses here presented, 
but we can only mention very briefly the leading incidents connected with them, de- 
ferring, for a time, a more elaborate notice. 

THE EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK 

Is to-day one of the most prosperous and substantial moneyed institutions in the 
Southern States. The building, illustrated on pages 13 and 15, is strikingly hand- 
some, its interior forming one commodious and elegant room, which is furnished with 
every accessory for expediting and simplifying the business of the bank. The au- 
thorized capital is $500,000, of which $300,000 is paid in ; besides it has $150,000 sur- 
plus. The bank is also the designated depository and financial agent of the United 
States. The officers are as follows: Hon. John B. Whitehead, President; James G. 
Bain, Vice President; George M. Bain, Jr., Cashier; James H. Toomer, Assistant 
Cashier. (See page 79.) 

THE CITIZENS' BANK 

Was incorporated in 1867, and like its sister banks, has punctually declared dividends 
upon its capital stock, bespeaking for the inititution an able and judicious manage- 
ment. The directory is composed of wealthy, influential men, who are yet actively 
engaged in business pursuits, and who appreciate the subject of finance in its most 
intricate phases. The building of the Citizens' Hank is shown in view of Main Street, 
page 8, being the second from right-hand corner. The officers are: Win. H. Peters, 
President ; Wm. W. Chamberlain©, Vice President ; Walter H. Doyle, Cashier. (See 
page 78.) 

THE MARINE BANK 

Was chartered, under our State laws, in June, 1872, and began business at 146 Main 
Street, subsequently the beautiful granite building, conspicuous in view of Main Street, 
page 8, was purchased, and its interior remodeled for the accommodation of the 
largely increased business of the bank. The officers and directors are men of ac- 
knowledged ability, aud under their management the bank has taken high rank. The 
officers are: Col. Walter H. Taylor, President; Hugh N. Page, Acting Cashier. (See 
page 80.) 

BURRUSS SON & CO. 
This is one of the oldest and most successful banking firms in the city, and in addi- 
tion to the regular routine business of banking that of brokerage has become an im- 
portant branch. The firm receives deposits, buys and sells bonds of every description, 
and deals in all classes of exchange. That magnificent brick building on the corner of 
Main and Atlantic Streets, shown in view on page 13, is the banking house of the firm. 
(See page 81.) 

THE HOME SAVINGS BANK 

Is, as the name implies, a savings bank, and was established under charter in 1874. 
The cash capital of the bank is $20,000, to which is added a surplus of $3,000. The 
authorized capital is $100,000 Since its organization it has afforded all classes an 
opportunity to accumulate their smallest earnings, and its success is a matter of con- 
gratulation. The building is illustrated on page 44. The officers are: George E. 
Bowden, President; George S. Oldfield, Vice President; H. C. Percy, Cashier, (See 
page 80.) 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 173 

THE BANK OF COMMERCE 

Was organized under State charter July 1st, 1878, and the building (shown as third 
from the corner, on page 13) formerly owned by the People's National Bank, on Main 
at the head of Commerce Street, is devoted to its uses. The success of the Bank of 
Commerce has been commensurate with the rapid commercial advancement of the 
city. The officers are: James E. Barry, President; Win. S. Wilkinson, Cashier. (See 
page 81.) 

THE NORFOLK TRUST COMPANY 

Was chartered in 1S68, and is among the oldest bank organizations in the city. The 
character of its business is the same as those mentioned. Col. Wm. B. Rogers is the 
President, and W. J. Young, Cashier. (See page 81.) 

EASTHAM, POWELL & CO., 
Wholesale Grocers. 
This firm occupies the large and splendid 'warehouse N. E. corner of Water and 
Commerce Streets, including Nos. 90 Water and 41 Commerce Streets, fronting on the 
former 40 and running back 130 feet on the latter. The building is three stories high, 
affording ample storage capacity. The present firm is composed of two members, 
Messrs. J. Eastham and E. T. Powell, who succeeded to the firm of Gwathmey, Dey & 
Powell, the latter having organized in 1871. Being identified with the second largest 
branch of business in Norfolk, and having an extensive trade in this section, the house 
stands to-day among the most prominent in Norfolk. (See page 72.) 

M. L. T. DAVIS & CO., 
Wholesale Grocers, 
Commenced business in 1865, on Roanoke Square, under firm style of Davis & Bro. 
After a few years the business of the firm had so increased as to render the provision 
of greater facilities for its accommodation necessary, when the warehouse S. E. corner 
of Water and Commerce Streets was built. This building has three floors and base- 
ment, 25x100 feet, with an addition in the rear forming an L. About the year 1874 
Mr. B. D. Thomas, a former clerk, was admitted to a partnership, and the present firm 
style adopted. With every facility for the conduct of their business, the firm controls 
an extensive and excellent trade. (See page 73.) 

McMENAMIN & CO., 
Packers, 
Are operating at Hampton their spacious factory for the packing and hermetically 
sealing of canned goods in general, but particularly that of canned crab meat. They 
make a specialty of Fresh Deviled Crabs, as is shown by their advertisement on page 
76. This is the meat of the fresh Hard Crab, carefully picked, nicely seasoned and 
packed in 1 and 2 pound cans ; with each case of cans they send gratuitously a case of 
the original shells, so that no matter how far one may live from the coast, he may in- 
dulge in the luxury of fresh Deviled Crabs; or the shells may be dispensed with and 
the meat prepared in salads, stews, fries, etc. In this business they employ a fleet of 
40 fishing boats, and in season operate 200 hands. Their goods are shipped to all parts 
of the world, and their popularity is shown by the certificates published elsewhere. 
Our own people are well acquainted with these goods, many prefer them to the Lobster, 
and it is only necessary for the uninitiated to partake once of a dish of McMenamin & 
Co.'s Deviled Crabs if they would experience an equal sense of appreciation. Our own 
and the principal wholesale grocers of this country and Europe supply the retail trade. 
(See page 76.) 

JAMES M. BUTT, 
Railroad, Steamboat and Machinists' Supplies. 
This house was established in 1869, the firm name being Forbes, Butt & White, sub- 
sequently Forbes & Butt ; the latter was dissolved in 1876 by the death of Mr. N. S. 
Forbes, Mr. James M. Butt succeeding to the business. At the store No. 5 Market 
square, which is three stories high, 25x70 feet, a large and well assorted stock of all 
goods pertaining to the business, is kept. Mr. Butt is also a member of the Ports- 
mouth firm of Butt & Neville. The high standing and success of the house is un- 
questioned. (See page 88.) 



171 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

E. V. WHITE & CO., 
Railroad, Steamboat and Mill Supplies. 
The partners of this Arm are Captain E. V. While and diaries Schroeder, both of 
whom are practical engineers. The partnership was formed in 1873, although the 
senior member had previously been in the business since 1866, entering in 1869 the 
Norfolk linn of Forbes, Butl & While, Prom which he withdrew in 1873 to form the 
present firm, The spiril of enterprise and business energy of the partners have com- 
bined to gain Cor the house n large and satisfactory trade, which continues to increase 

each year. (See page Hi).) 

MAYER & CO., 

Steamboat, Mill and Engineers' Supplies. 

The business of this house was established in January of this year, byE. L. Mayer, 
and the firm of Taylor, Elliott & Wallers, the largest hardware establishment in 
the city. A new building, illustrated on page 25, was creeled at lis Water Street for 
the linn, and it contains a most complete stock of goods necessary for machinists, 
millers, engineers, or Cor use on steamboats and railroads. The senior partner is thor- 
oughly familiar with the wants of Southern hade, ha vine,- served eleven years appren- 
ticeship in It. (See page 90.) 

LeKIES & COLLINS, 
M a NISTEE Saw M ills. 

Much, hni noi the half, lifts been saidahoui the lumber interests of this section of 
Virginia. II is much larger than our meagre statistics would indicate, and every in- 
dication points to i is si ill further development. 

Among the leading linns engaged in the manufacture and shipmenl of lumberstands 
conspicuously that of Lefties & Collins, proprietors of the Manistee Mills, Berkley, 
illustrated on page 14. The partners are J. B. LeKies and S. Q. Collins, who originally 
conducted business al Snow 1 1 ill, Md., removing to Norfolk in 1872. Their mill premises 
cover lo acres, has 875 feet water front, with two slips sufficiently large to accommo- 
date eight vessels. The capacity of mill is 40,000 feet per day of 10 hours, lint from 
selected logs 7,209 feel inch hoards have been Cut in an I '. Two hundred hands are 

employed in the mill and Loging departments, and average slock of Lumber in yards 
amounts to 1,500,000 feet. Hauling is made easy by cars connecting different parts 
Of the yard. (See page 94.) 

JAMES REID & CO., 

Norfolk Steam Bakery. 

This widely known establishment was started in 1856 by Mr. .lames Reid, and it 

has since become one of the siaiinchesi manufactories in Norfolk, sending its products 

to all parts of the country. The Bakery employs the services of between :'><> and 40 

hands, and has capacity for 100 barrels Of Hour per day. The sales rooms of the 

(inn are in that beautiful press brick building opposite Van Wyck's Academy of 
Music, and shown on page 28, just hack of which, on Elizabeth Street, is the factory 
proper. The materials used at this establishment are always obtained from Norfolk 
dealers, ihns reducing lo practice the theory of " Home Patronage." .lames Reid, W. 
T. Niiiinioand (!.('. Reid are the partners. (See page 96.) 

WELLER & CO., 

Proprietors Weller's Peanut Factory. 

This factory, illustrated on page 65, was built in 1878, is three storieshigh, fronting 

50 feet on Water and Fayette Streets. To the upper floor Peanuts are sent, when 

received, l>.\ an endless elevator, one bushel at a time, at the rate of 150 bushels per 

hour. Here they are graded and dumped into hoppers, from llience they are carried 

through a succession of rubbers until their hulls are entirely free of dirl and polished. 

TllOJ arelhen carried byschuleslo I he second lloor, where (KlorTO persons a re kepi busy 

assort in", I he di lien ail qualities as they pass upon "carriers " to other schutes leading 
to the first or ground floors. Here they are received in bags, I he hags sewed up, 

branded and made ready for shipment. The entire machiners used, except boilers 

and engines, was invented by Mr. B. F. Walters, of the firm. The other two partners 

are. lames Montgomery and T. A. Walters. The original linn name has been retained, 
although its membership has changed. During lasi year Messrs. W'ellerX' Co. handled 
100,000 bags, or 500,000 bushels of mils, their shipments going to the extreme West 
and North west. (See page 98.) 



ITS PRINCIPAL CNDUSTRTES AND TRADES. 1 7> r > 

NOTTINGHAM & WRENN", 
loo, Coal and Wood Dealers, 
The wharf known as Nottingham & Wrenn's, Atlantic City, fronts on property 
covering »j acres, with :!•'!<> Cee1 deep water front and 6J I feet depth, extending back to 
the bridge connecting the village oi' Atlantic < 'ii v with Norfolk. I ho premises of the 
firm, which is composed of Thomas T, Nottingham and William A. Wronn, and which 
was organized in 1876, contains the very best facilities for the accommodation of their 
immense trade in ice, Coal and Wood. The Lee house affords storage for 4,000 tons, 
and I lie coal yard is supplied with all grades of Coal, Five largo oyster packinghouses 
stand upon this property, among them thai of the Union Oyster Company, the largest 
oyster packing concern in the United States. At Nos. Q and 7 Campbell's wharf the 
firm has a branch office. (See page 101.) 

WILLIAM LAMB & CO.', 
Ship and Steamship Agents. 

This firm, which was established h.v its senior in November, 1865, has been long and 
successfully engaged in the foreign trade of Norfolk, chartering and loading vessels 
between American and foreign ports. The agencies of the "Liverpool, Memphis and 
Norfolk," "Allan" and ''North German Lloyds" steamship lines are represented by the 
firm. The steamer "Ephesus," which was despatched by Messrs. Lamb & Co. from this 
port June 30th, 1866, for Liverpool with an assorted cargo of merchandise valued at 
$183,140, was the first vessel sent out from Norfolk direct for ti foreign port aftej the 

war. Since that time Messrs. I, b & Co, have given almost their entire attention to 

their present business, developing a trade a1 Norfolk which now ranks third in impor- 
tance to thai of other ports in this count ry. Since the fall of 1876 the members of this 
firm have been William and Charles Land), in December, 1874, this house completed 
arrangements for the first through Bills of Lading from the West to Liverpool \- i .- 1. Nor- 
lolk. The firm also represents i, lie vice-consu laics oi Germany, Sweden and Norway. 
(See page LOS.) 

FREEMAN, LLOYD, MASON & DRYDEN. 
Fertilizes Manufacturers. 

This firm began business in 1S7U at Pocomoke City, Md., under I he style of Freeman 
& ( 'o. Last year a branch office was established at 1 1 iggins' wharf, iii this city, and it 
is now under the personal direction of the senior partner. The factory at Pocomoke 
is two stories high, fronts 58 feel on Pocomoke river, running back 138 feet, and has 
storage room for 1,000 tons of guano, The capacity of the works is 50 tons per day, 

and thirty hands find regular employ incut-. Since this firm has become, in pari, a, Nor- 
folk one, its trade in Virginia and the South has grown wonderfully, the superior 
merits of Pocomoke fertilizers winning for them the highest appreciation among farm 
ers and planters, (Seepage L09,) 

CHARLES REID & SON, 

Manufacturers of Standard Fertilizers. 

This house is one of the old landmarks of our city, having been founded in 1821, 

Besides being largely engaged in the manufacture of standard brands of fertilizers, 

such as " Farmers' Favorite " and " Farmers' < challenge," both of which are used by our 

fanners, who recognize in them purity and excellence, the linn does a general COmtllis 

sion business, and deals Largely in Slaves, Treenails, etc, The earliest history of the 
firm was associated with the same trade, at one, time the largest of the port, The 
partners are < 'harles 1,'cid and George C. Reid. The first named is also President of the 
Board of 1 1 arbor Commissioners, and one of t he oldest, merchants continuously engaged 

in business in this city. The firm stands today, as it has always done, among the mo: t 

enterprising and successful in Eastern Virginia, The linn's factory is on the Eai tern 

Branch, about, tWO miles from the, city, but in response to the exigencies Of trade an- 
other will soon be erccicd a i i he ( iiimerton Lock, on the Dismal Swamp Canal, where 
additional facilities are, abundant. (Seepage 110,] 

THE UPSHUR GUANO COMPANY, 

Manufacturers of Fertilizers, 
This is the first company of its kind, chartered (December, L880,) in Norfolk, It 

•succeeded to and was t he Outgrowth oil he business of its indefat igable president,, Mr, 

C. L, Upshur, who began manufacturing, in a limited way, in L876, Before Mr. Up. 



176 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

shur's business merged into a stock company a factory had been built and successfully 
operated on Bain's wharf, Portsmouth, (see page 41) immediately on the water, and is 
still used by the Company, although part of the " Montalarit" estate, just opposite the 
Navy Yard, has been secured where buildings suitable for all purposes, are being 
erected. When completed the works will have an animal capacity of 25,000 tons, 
giving employment to over fifty hands. The officers of the Company are: C. L. Up- 
shur, President; E. N. Wilcox, Secretary and Treasurer; J. W, Perry, F. S.Taylor, H. 
B. Nichols and B. A. Marsden, Directors. (Seepage 111.) 

J. B, CORPRKW & CO. 
Wholesale Dry Goods and Notions. 
This is the largest wholesale Dry Goods and Notion House in the city, its trade ex- 
tending through Virginia, the Carolinas and Tennessee, The business of the house 
was established about eight years ago, the firm name undergoing several changes, but 
the present senior, Mr. John B. Corprew, has always been at its head. The symmet- 
rical and elegant building on Commerce street, including numbers 42 and 44, is the 
property of the firm. The house fronts 70x00 feet, is three stories high, and on the 
first or ground floor heavy or bolt goods are kept, while the upper floors are occupied 
with a stock of notions not surpassed by that of any other business house in Virginia. 
(See page 118.) 

PETER SMITH & CO., 
Dealers in Dry Goods. 
This is the leading retail dry goods house of the city, and through the firm's quick 
sale and small profit rule, it has gained the sobriquet of "The Leaders of Low Prices." 
Mr. Peter Smith founded the business in I860, and for many years was alone in business. 
In 1876 he bought and thoroughly remodeled the building No, 144 Main Street, shown 
on page 47, in which the old firm of J, J, Bloodgood & Co. did at one time an immense 
business, making it more convenient, better fitted up and handsomer than any other 
used for similar purposes in the city. The store fronts 30 feet and has 160 feet depth, 
and is three stories high. The upper floors are used for wholesale purposes. In 1878 
Mr. Cosmos F. Smith was admitted to the firm. (See page 119,) 

PETERS & REED, 

Commission Merchants, Stave and Lumber Dealers. 
This house was established in the year 1855. The present partners are William H. 
Peters and Washington Reed. Its foreign and coastwise trade is large, and extends to 
the West India Islands, Liverpool and many Mediterranean ports. Besides the offices 
on Water Street, Norfolk, the firm controls on the Portsmouth side of the river supe- 
rior storage and shipping facilities, owning wharf property fronting 226 feet on port 
warden's line, extending back 380 feet, with two slips, capable of accommodating large 
ocean steamers. This property is also connected with the S. & R. Railroad by tracks 
laid across and through its entire length. The exportation of Staves has been carried 
on successfully and largely by the firm, which is regarded as one of the most reliable 
and progressive in this city. (See page 123.) 

S. A. STEVENS & CO., 
Furniture, Carpeting and Pianos. 
This firm commenced business in 1864 at No. 8 Roanoke avenue, where the business 
was continued until its volume demanded additional facilities for its accommodation. 
In response to this demand the firm leased Johnson's Hall, occupying it until 1868, 
when the elegant and imposing structure corner of Main and Granby Streets was 
erected by the firm. This building, illustrated on page 24, is three stories high, front- 
ing on Main Street 50 feet, and on Granby Street 130 feet, furnishing 27,000 square feet 
storage, not including the cellars. The building was recently greatly improved by the 
addition of the fourth floor and a French roof. The house contains the largest and 
finest stock to be found in any part of Virginia, including every variety of Furniture, 
Floor Coverings, Pianos, etc. It is the leading house of its kind in Norfolk. The 
partners are S. A. Stevens and Jerome S. Ames. (See page 125.) 

UNIQUE MILLS, 

T. B. Anderson & Co., Proprietors. 

The above Mill was built in 1877, as a Corn Mill, with 4 runs of 4 feet burrs, and in 

1879 the best Wheat Machinery and 2 additional Burrs were put in for manufacturing 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 177 

new Patent Process Flour. The building, 68 and 70 Water street, is of brick, contains 
four floors 50x55 feet square, and the average capacity of the mill is 50 barrels of Flour,. 
350 bushels Bolted Meal and 60 barrels of Pearl Hominy per day. They are kept 
going day and night. Messrs. Anderson & Co.'s most popular brands of Family Flour 
are the " Eldorado," " Ambrosia," aud " Unique," besides which they manufacture sev- 
eral grades of Extra and Superfine. Situated conveniently to shipping by rail and 
water, and in the centre of the wholesale houses of the city, every trade facility is 
possessed l>y the firm. (See page 138.) 

TAYLOR, ELLIOTT & WATTERS, 

Hardware. 

This house was established in 1865 under the firm name of Taylor, Martin & Co. 
The gentlemen composing the present firm are Col. Walter H. Taylor, Thos. E. Elliott 
and James H. Watters. Their warehouse, which is illustrated on page 9, stands prom- 
inently at the corner of Main Street and Market Square. It fronts 21 feet, contains 
three floors and a cellar, and extends back 120 feet. When onr people were just re- 
turning to their mercantile vocations in 1865, and all branches of trade were in a de- 
moralized state, this house entered the field, and its success may be inferred from the 
fact that it is the largest and foremost Hardware establishment here, and equally as 
large as any in the State. (See page 141.) 

ROWLAND BROS., 
Wholesale Grocers. 

This is the oldest wholesale grocery house in Norfolk, having been established in 
1806, it is now in its 75th year. Through all the commercial changes during that 
period, it has remained the same, except that with years it has increased in strength. 
Warehouses Nos. 12, 14 and 16 Rowland's wharf, three stories high, and situated in 
close proximity to the principal shipping, belong to and are occupied by the firm. (See 
page 74.) 

WASHINGTON TAYLOR & CO., 

Wholesale Grocers, 

Began business in 1874, at their present quarters, Nos. 14, 16 and 18 Commerce Street, 
and although the firm is in no sense old, it has succeeded in securing for itself a large 
and lucrative trade, taking at once its stand among the best wholesale establishments 
here. Besides handling all goods usually kept in wholesale grocery houses, the firm 
make a specialty of the sale of the celebrated '' Hazard" Powder, which is known 
and appreciated by experienced sportsmen the world over. (See page 74.) 

W. F. ALLEN & CO., 
Wholesale Grocers, 

Commenced business in 1864. The partners, W. F. Allen and James T. Borum, are 
also members of the commission firm of Pearce, Allen & Borum, 20 and 22 Commerce 
Street. The firm's warehouse, corner of Water Street and Rothery's Lane, fronts 36x200 
feet, embracing Nos. 99 Water Street and 18 to 30 Rothery s Lane, where abundant 
room is had for storing their large and varied stock. The firm is in the full enjoyment 
of an extensive trade, each season increasing it in volume. No changes have occurred 
in the firm since its original organization. (See page 75.) 

T. A. WILLIAMS & DICKSON, 

Wholesale Grocers. 

The partners in this firm are Theoderick A. Williams and Win. C. Dickson. The 
original firm name was T. A. Williams & Co., and Mr. Dickson was for several years a 
member of the firm, but the present style was not adopted until about January 1st, 
1881. The old firm commenced business in 1868, and their warehouse, 2 and 4 Roan- 
oke Square, illustrated on page 23, is splendidly adapted to its uses. With a keen 
appreciation of the wants of the trade, Messrs. T. A. Williams & Dickson have estab- 
lished themselves among the most progressive of our business firms. (See page 75.) 



ITS NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE j 

THE ELIZABETH [ROM WORKS, 
Charles W. Pettit, Proprietor. 
The business of these works was established by the present proprietor's father In 
1854, at the old Gosport Iron Works, and subsequently removed to 280 ami 282 Water 
Street. The property embraces a very large area, running through one block from 
Water to Main Streets, fronting I 1 feel each way. and it has a depth of 290 feet. The 
different departments of the Elizabeth Iron Works are supplied with every imagina- 
ble kind of machinery necessary to the business. A large force of skilful mechanics 
is kept steadily employed in the model, boiler, foundry and other rooms. The repu- 
tation of the establishment for excellent work, secures for itextensive patronage in Vir- 
ginia and North* Carolina. (See page--; 

W. A. GRAVES, 
Steam Sectional Marine Railway, saw and Planing Mills. 
The extensive property known as Graves' Ship-yard, comprising Nos. 209 to 223 
Water Street, presents at all times one of the most active scenes to lie found in this city. 
The railway has capacity for vessels of 90ft tons register. About 75 caulkers and car- 
penters are regularly employed. During the year 1880 three steamers were built at 
this vavd. The property fronts on the channel •-'•20 feet and on Water Street ITS feet. 
Saw and planing mills are also on the premises, the former are tit ted up with every 
improvement known to the business, including large band saws. The capacity of the 
mill is from 12,000 to 15,000 feet of boards per day. The business was established in 
1840. (See page 83.) 

JAMES POWER & CO., 
Ikon Yard and Metal House. 
This firm commenced business at its present stand, '2t> and 28 Rowland's wharf, in 
1867. The business of the house consists principally in the purchase and sale of new 
and second-hand Machinery, Metals, Chains, Anchors, etc. The purchase of old 
Wrecks, Steamers, Vessels, Mills, etc., is made a specialty. On page 58 their warehouse 
is illustrusted. (See page 84.) 

GEO. W. DUVAL & CO., 
Norfolk Ikon Works. 
This well known tirm was organized in 187 6, although the senior partner established 
himself in business in 1858. The partners are George W.Duval and W. H. Ridgwell. 
Their works are at the northeast corner of Water and Nebraska Streets, where they 
manufacture all classes ,>t' Machinery, Engines, Boilers, Mills, paying especial atten- 
tion to every description of steamboat work. The famous Duval Patent Boiler Tube 
Ferrules are manufactured by them. ^See page 85.) 

W. A. ANDERSON. 
Old Atlantic Foundry. 
Twelve years ago Mr. Anderson inaugurated the business which he now so success- 
fully conducts at 206 Water Street. In 1876 he erected a substantial brick building, 
60x50 feet, fronting on a yard 75x100 feet. Adjoining the Foundry is a 30 horse-power 
engine ; and the establishment engages 12 hands. The heaviest easting made here in 
L880, weighed 4,300 pounds. (See page 85.) 

W. F. ALLEN, 
Wholesale Liquors. 

With the growth of Norfolk, the business of this house has kept steady pace, until 
it is without a rival in the enjoyment of a profitable trade with Eastern Virginia and 
Carolina. Mr. Allen is also of the firm of W. F. Allen & To., Wholesale Grocers. His 
stock at No. 90 Water Street, embraces Whiskies, Brandies, Gins, etc., of various makes 
anil vintages, that are known and appreciated by the trade. (See page 91.) 

BOOTH, CARMAN & CO.. 

Saw Mill. 

This Mill is situated on the Berkley side of the river, and adjoining the depot and 

wharves of the Elizabeth City anil Norfolk Railroad. The members of the firm, which 

was formed in March, 1880, are A. W. Booth, J. L. Carman, J. H. Wemple and C. N. 

Simons. The second and third named are also of the firm of J. L. Carman £ Co. The 



its PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES and TRADES. 17!) 

mill's capacity is 0,500,000 feel per annum, and employs in nil about 100 hands Mr. 
Booth, v\ ii 1 1 his office at 120 Liberty Street, New STork, superintends the Ea tern busi- 
ness of iln- linn, while tin- other partners attend i<> 1 he manufacture of Lumber here, 
(See page 95.) 

.). I.. CARMAN & CO., 

Saw Mi i. i.. 
The partners in this firm are, as above stated, of the firm of Booth, Carman & ( 'o 
Mi ssrs. .1. L. Carman & Co. 'a Mill is in Atlantic ( 'ii.y, just east of the old Atlantic Iron 
Works, of which ii was at one time a part, Extensive water fronl and wharf accom 
modal ions are among I in- many facilii ies conl rolled bj i in- firm I'm I in- execut ion of its 
business. A. specialty is made of Railroad Supplies and Extra Long Lumber. (See 
page 93.) 

S. \\ BEICKHOUSE & CO., 
Wholesale Boots and I Iiioei 
A fter :il years active participation in the w holesale trade of this city by the pn enl 
• mi. i partner, the 'above Arm began bn iness in the massive brick building corner of 
Water and Contmcrce Streets (see illustration page 27), which is three stories high, 
.",o>: L30feet, in 1877. From the day of its inception to the present the linn has drawn 
a large and valuable patronage from the South. The entire stock is always obtained 
direct from the factories, and selected with special reference in the wants of the Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee trade, and offered at 
prices identical with those of Boston or the East. (See page '■)'.).) 

McBLAIR & co., 
Coal Dealers 

Messrs, M' Blair & Co.'s Coal STard, situated on the Portsmouth side of the harbor, 
ni-xi to the Ferry Dock, fronts 200 feet on Porl Warden's line, and inn had 270 feet. 
Centrally located, it affords unsurpassed facilities for loading or discharging cargoes ; 
i he largest ocean steamers find ample room and water at the wharves. 1 he Arm began 
business in May, 1879, and lasl year handled between 6,000 and 8,000 ion:-; of Coal, 
(Sic, page 105). 

REYNOLDS BROS,, 
General Merchants a m Shipped 

'I'll is is oi if of I In- most enterprising firms engaged in the Foreign trade on the South 
Atlantic Coast, and it may be said that'the Foreign trade of Norfolk has been devel- 
oped through its enterprise and untiring zeal, The partners are William I >. and Hi nry 
S. Reynolds, who formed the firm of Reynolds Bros, in L867, when our export trade 
was in its infancy. Tin- linn are extensive nippers of Cotton to Liverpool, and a 
specialty is made of importing Salt. The first steamship cleared by th< i< i Rey- 
nolds was tin-. "Brazilian," which left ihis port for Liverpool in January, 1867, with a 
cargo of Cotton, ( lorn, Tobacco, of an aggregate value of $330,000, During the i easons 
from 1875 to 1879 the firm loaded 130 steamships and sailing vessels for Foreign porl i, 
The wharves and offices of the firm are a1 Town Point, Wes1 end of Water Street, in 
close proximity to the Cotton centre of the city. The Seaboard Cotton Press, shown 
on page 7, is i in- property of this firm, as i& also the property known as the "Cotton 
E ^change Building." In Liverpool, England, the business of the firm is transacted at 
No. 7 Rumford Street. (See page L06.) 

MYEES & CO., 

Steamship Agents and Ship Beokeb 
This house was establii hed in 1786 under th< name of Moses Myers & Sons, and it 
did a large business with the Wes1 Indies and t in- North of Europe, ow ning ' for those 
daj i large vessels. In 1812 the senior partner became Vice Consul for France, and 
the firm Frederick Myers & Bros., the senior was then Consul for tin- Netherlands and 
Vice Consul for Brazil. Ai his death in 1832 Mr, Myer Myers succeeded him in th< i Con 
ulates, and the firm continui <l in his name until 1840, w hi n hi n< phi w , Mo i Myers, 
was admitted as a partner and the style changed to Myers & Co. In L856 Mr. Myer 
Myers became Vice Consul of Greal Britain, succeeding the novelist G. P. R. James, 
and was in turn succeeded by Mr. Barton Myers in 1877 in the Vice Consulates of Greal 
Britain, Netherlands and Brazil. The bu iness of the house has, through the growth 
of years, become extensive and important. (See page 106.) 



180 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

GEORGE W. DEY & SON, 
Insurance Agents. 

At this agency, 117 Main Street, companies of acknowldged wealth and financial 
strength are represented, including the Liverpool, London and Globe, whose total assets 
are §32,000,000 in gold, and which is the only Foreign Fire Insurance Company owing real 
estate in Virginia. These companies adjust their losses promptly, and give to the in- 
sured guaranteed indemnity against loss. 

ATLANTIC HOTEL, 
R. S. Dodson, Proprietor. 

This magnificent structure stands at the corner of Main and Granby Streets, as 
shown on page 17 The building fronts on Granby Street 208feet, has twoLs 140 and 
100 feet, the latter, which is on Main Street, is now receiving an addition of 115 feet, 
making its Main Street front 7 feet greater than that on Granby Street. Three hun- 
dred guests find accommodations in the present building. Two passenger elevators con- 
nect the different floors, besides wide and easy rising stairways lead from pit to roof in 
several parts of the house. Mr. Dodson has made the Atlantic the palace hotel of the 
South ; certainly none in the cities of this State equal it. The house is furnished with 
gas made upon the premises from a machine having capacity of 3,000 feet per day. 
Mr. Dodson was at the well knoAvn Maltby House, Baltimore, from 1856 to 1859, the 
Fountain from 1859 to 1869, and at the Herdic House, Williamport, and Minnequa 
Springs, Pa., from 1869 to 1871, when he moved to Norfolk. He also leased the Ocean 
View Hotel last season. (See page 115.) 

PURCELL HOUSE, 
R. T. JxVMES, Proprietor. 

This was originally the old and popular National Hotel, distinguished for its excel- 
lences then, as it is now ; although the building has been so thoroughly improved and 
altered that it does not resemble its former self except in size. The changes have mod- 
ernized and beautified it. It is to-day one of the best furnished and most comfortable 
hotels anywhere, affording every convenience, while the cuisine is of the very best 
character. Mr. R. T. James, present proprietor, assumed the proprietorship in the Fall 
of 1878, and under his direction the house was refurnished and fitted up. Electric call 
bells, elevators and nicely carpeted wide stairways connect the five floors. The house 
has accommodations for 250 guests. Illustrated on page 55. (See page 116.) 

JORDAN HOUSE, 
Amos P. Jordan, Proprietor, 

No. 30 Market Square, was opened January 1st, 1878, and is conducted on the Ameri- 
can and European plans. Mr. Jordan, the proprietor, is an experienced caterer and he 
has made his house popular with a large number of people who visit the city. The 
prices of the house are low, while the table is supplied with everything in season. (See 
page 116.) 

HYGEIA HOTEL, OLD POINT, 
H. Phoebus. 
When we speak of a Summer resort we do not intend always to convey the idea that 
it is a pleasure or health resort, but when we mention the Hygeia Hotel, at Old Point, 
we mean both. It is also a splendid Winter sanitarium, and the house is never without 
a very large number of guests from January to December. It has 21,000 square feet 
of verandas encircling the house, 6,000 feet are encased in glass for the special use of 
guests who prefer seeing the breeze to feeling it. An illustration on page 49 shows a 
distant view of the hotel, and on pages 66-7 and 115 its advantages are partly enu- 
merated. 

WALKE & WILLIAMS, 
Drugs, Paints and Oils. 

This firm, composed of Dr. F. A. Walke and J. N. Williams, succeeded to the old 
established business of A.E.Wilson & Co., Roanoke Avenue and Water Street, in 1874- 
The house does a large wholesale trade in Virginia and North Carolina, supplying coun- 
try, merchants and physicians with everything they need in Drugs, Paints, Oils, etc. 
(See page 120.) 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 181 

M A. & C. A. SANTOS, 

Drugs, Paints, Oil, Etc, 
Founded in 1819, this house is now in its 62d year; venerable in years, youthful in 
its vigor, maintaining its position among the leading and successful enterprises of to- 
day. The large and handsome store shown on page 43, corner of Main and Atlantic 
Streets, is tilled with the richest and most elegant articles usually kept in our best 
Drug Stores. Apart from articles of a Medicinal nature. Toilet and Fancy Articles in 
large variety are kept in stock and sold to the wholesale and retail trade at Northern 
or Eastern prices. The store fronts on Main 25 and on Atlantic Street 120 feet. (See 
page 121.) 

J. W. PERRY, 

Cotton Factor And Commission Merchant, 
Entered the Commission business in May, 1877, and succeeded to the firms of G. W 
McGlaughon & Co., McGlaughon& Norman, and McGlaughon & Perry, the last named 
dissolving in 1879. His warehouse, on Tunis' Wharf, is in close proximity to rail and 
water transportation and 1,600 bales of Cotton can be easily stored in it. The sale of 
Cotton is a sxDecial feature of the business, which is wholly Commission. (See page 131.) 

DOBIE & COOKE, 
General Commission Merchants. 
Partners R. A. Dobie, M. T. and A M. Cooke Firm organized in August, 1878, but 
the senior partner had been for 15 years previous in same business, part of the time 
with Gwathmey Bros. & Co., New York, and W. W. Gwathmey & Co., Norfolk. From 
1873 to 1878 he was of the firm of Gwathmey & Dobie. The present house is a large 
receiver of Grain, and controls the trade formerly enjoyed by John James, Esq. Build- 
ing illustrated on page 33. (See page 131.) 

PEAECE, ALLEN & BORUM, 
Cotton Factors and Commission Merchants. 
Messrs. S. F. Pearee, Win. F. Allen and Jas. T. Borum, the two last named who are 
also partners under firm style of W. F. Allen & Co., Wholesale Grocers, constitute this 
firm, which was formed in 1878. The senior partner has been in the Commission bus- 
iness here 10 years. Their warehouse, including Nos. 20 and 22 Commerce Street, is 
40x70 feet, three stories high, and supplies convenient and abundant storage. The 
house pays special attention to the sale of Cotton, Grain, Lumber, Peanuts and Pro- 
duce generally. (See page 132.) 

JONES, LEE & CO., 
Cotton Factors and Commission Merchants. 
The partners of this firm are W. M. Jones, P. H. and I. P. Lee. The first two were 
previously partners and the latter an employee of the firm of Savage, Jones & Lee, 
whom they succeeded in business in 1879. The original firm was established in 1870. 
The firm's warehouse, on Rothery's Wharf, fronts 60 feet and extends in the rear 220 
feet, with ample accommodations for storing 1 ,500 bales of Cotton. The business of 
the firm is strictly Commission. (See page 132.) 

A. TREDWELL & CO., 
Cotton Factors, 

Whose office is in the Cotton Exchange Building, are successors to the firm of Tred- 
well & Mallory and Tredwell, Mallory & King; the latter was dissolved in August, 
1880. Mr. A. Tredwell was for many years associated with the houses of Jno. B. Neal 
& Co., and Baker, Neal & Shepard, and was also Secretary of the Merchants' and Me- 
chanics' Exchange in 1872. Their office is admirably situated near the Cotton centre 
of the city, where every facility in the Commission business can be had. (See page 133.) 

THE NORFOLK KNITTING AND COTTON MANUFACTURING CO. 

This is the pioneer enterprise of its kind in Norfolk, and its success has been estab- 
lished beyond all doubt. The factory at Atlantic City was destroyed August 31st, 
1880, but it has been rebuilt, furnished with new and greatly improved machinery, the 
capital stock has been increased and the establishment will in a few days renew its 
operations. Gent's Merino Underware for the wholesale trade is made at the factory. 
The officers of the company are : Barton Myers, President ; George M. Bain, Jr., 
Treasurer; Geo. McBlair, Secretary ; H. N. Burdick, Superintendent. (See page 134.) 



182 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

C HALL WINDSOE, 
Books, Stationer y, Etc. 

The assortment of goods displayed at this store exceeds in quality and completeness 
that of any other in the city. The place, No. 5 Bank Street, is the popular resort of 
all who desire to obtain fine Stationery, Blank Books, etc., for merchants, students or 
ladies. (See page 135.) 

NORFOLK CITY MILLS, 
Lyman & Co., Proprietors. 

This mill is located on Smith's Creek, just within the corporation limits of the city. 
It is fitted up with one 100 house power engine, 7 runs of burrs and H sets of rolls for 
manufacturing new process flour. Its capacity is equal to 100 barrels of flour, 500 
bushels of meal per day. This property was at one time owned by the late firm of 
George K. Goodridge & Co. The commodious warehouse of the firm is upon Hardy's 
wharf, where cargoes can be cheaply and quickly handled. Lyman & Co.'s principal 
brands of flour are the "Old Dominion," and "Purity," both of which equal the Vlinne- 
sota brands established 20 years ago. The partners are N. E. Lyman, J. M. Lyman, 
C. G. Lyman and B. S. Cook. (See page 139.) 

J. Z. LOWE, 
Wholesale and Eeeail Grocer, 

Occupies building southeast corner Union Street and Market Square, including Nos. 1, 
3 and 5 Union Street and 13 and 15 MarketSquare, where he carriesa fineassortment of 
Family Groceries, Ship Stores, Wines, Liquors, etc., adapted to a first class trade. (See 
page 77.) 

GEORGE L. CROW, 
Stoves and Tinware. 

This house was established in 18 -'6, and upon the death of its founder, Mr. S. S. 
Peed assumed control of the business, the original name being maintained. The gen- 
eral trade of the house is in Stoves, Tinware, House Furnishings and the manufacture 
of all goods in that line. (See page 86.) 

GEORGE TAIT, 
Seedsman. 

In the year 1869 Colonel George Tait founded the seed business which he now so 
successfully conducts at No. 7 Market Square. All seeds ottered by this house are 
grown especially for it in Germany, England, France, Canada and parts of the United 
(States, all orders being givenjust one year in advance of delivery. Purity and vitality 
are the two chief merits claimed for Tait's seed, and with 33 years practical experience 
the means by which these two important elements may be secured are thoroughly 
understood. (See page 87.) 

JOSEPH KLEPPER, 
Rhine Wine Rooms and Summer Garden, 

This establishment, 143 and 145 Church Street, so well known to frequenters of local 
places of resort and amusement, has recently undergone many improvements. The 
main and billiard halls (the latter the best in the city), beautifully frescoed, and the 
entire premises, covering an area of 6.O0O square feet, put in complete order for the 
Summer season. The different departments are connected by lattice walled walks, 
and the billiard room is so constructed that it can be closed tightly in Winter, or its 
sides changed into lattice work in Summer. Orchestrion concerts, upon one of the 
finest instrument of its kind in the South, are given each evening, and instrumental 
entertainments at intervals through the week. (See page 92.) 

H. R. WOODIS, 
Wines, Liquors, Cigars, Etc. 

At No. 8 Bank Street Mr. Woodis offers a select and elegant stock of goods, comprising 
the finest Imported and Domestic Wines, Liquors, Cigars, Condiments, etc. The place 
is favorably known as the " Tip-Top" Wine and Liquor Store. (See page 93.) 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 183 

JOHN VERMILLION, 

Wines, Cigars, Etc. 

The largo, and varied assortment of Imported Wines, Cigars, Porter, Ale, etc., kept 

in stock at the above store, No. 4 Granby Street, under the Atlantic Hotel, is of the 

best quality and manufacture. The purest goods only are kept. With a full line of 

select customers Mr. Vermillion's business enjoys an excellent trade. (See page 93.) 

JOHNSTON & BRO , 

Ship Brokers and Agents. 

The offices of this firm are at 76 Water Street, where a large business in chartering 

and supplying vessels for coastwise trade is transacted. This house has been for many 

years identified with the extensive coastwise shipping interests of Norfolk. (See page 

107.) 

J. O. GAMAGE, 
Builders' Material. 

The above business was founded in 18S5, when our people were just beginning to re- 
cover from the terrible effects of war, and it has become an established success. Mr. 
Gamage's facilities for supplying all classes of Building Material are unsurpassed. At 
his warehouse, 100 and 102 Water Street, he carries a large and varied stock. (See 
page 107.) 

A. M. VAUGHAN & SON, 

Insurance Agents, 

Represent at their Agency, 96 Main Street, reliable Foreign, Domestic Fire, Life and 

Marine Insurance Companies. With an established line of Insurance and perfectly 

solvent Companies, they do an extensive business. (See page 112.) 

JAMES L. CORLEY, 

Insurance Agent, 

Whose office is at 128 Main Street, Citizens' Bank Building, has been identified with 
the insurance business many years, and represents companies having combined assets 
valued at over $70,000,000. With good companies and equitable rates, Colonel Corley 
has established a prosperous agency, drawing his patronage from the best busiuessmen 
and firms of Norfolk. (See page 113.) 

W. T. HYSLOP, 
Cigars and Tobacco. 
At this cigar factory, opposite Van Wyck's Academy of Music, the celebrated 
" Eclipse, ' '' Transit," " Hyslop's Favorite " and other brands of cigars, known and ap- 
preciated by lovers of the weed are manufactured. Here also is kept the best quali- 
ties and varieties of smokers' articles and chewing tobacco. (See page 117.) 

JOHN W. BURROW, 
Wholesale Druggist. 
This house is also one of the leaders in its line of business, and enjoys a select and 
extensive trade in the South. Special inducements are offered by it to country physi- 
cians and the trade generally. (See page 121.) 

B. A. RICHARDSON, 

Paints, Oils, Glass, Artists and Coach Materials. 

After many years experience as a practical painter, Mr. Richardson began business 

at 50 Roanoke Avenue, where he makes a specialty of furnishing dealers and consumers 

with first quality materials, separately or mixed. His Improved Elastic Roof Paint is 

acknowledged the best in the market. (See page 121.) 

C. T. JORDAN & BRO., 
Clothing and Gents' Furnishings. 

This firm, composed of C. T. and A. E. Jordan, succeeded the original firm of C. T. 
& L W. Jordan, at 124 Main Street. Besides carrying a fine stock of ready-made Men's 
and Children's Clothing and Gents' Furnishing Goods, the house represents the tailor- 
ing establishments of Jessup & Co. and Devlin & Co., New York. (See page 124.) 



1 84 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 

JOHN DORAN, 
Furniture and Carpets. 
This furniture and carpet house was opened at 155 and 157 Church Street, opposite 
St. Paul's Church, in January, 1880. The two stores occupied are three stories high, 
front 55 and depth 80 feet. The stock usually embraces Furniture, Carpets, Oil Cloths, 
Mirrors, Window Shades, etc. The installment department is made a specialty, and 
goods are sold to local purchasers on weekly payments. (See page 127.) 

HILDRETH'S FURNITURE DEPOT. 
This establishment is located at 42 Roanoke Avenue, where a large and varied as- 
sortment of all kinds of Furniture for the parlor, chamber or drawing room can be had 
upon liberal terms. (See page 126.) 

GOODRIDGE, FIELD & CO., 
Commission Merchants, Grain and Flour Dealers. 

This firm succeeded George K. Goodridge & Co., of which Mr. C. A. Field was a 
member. That firm began business in 1887. The present partners, C. A. Field and 
E. M. Goodridge, became associated together in the business in 1877. At 22 Roanoke 
Dock they do a general commission business, principally in Grain and Flour, receiving 
large consignments from the West. (See page 130.) 

SAVAGE, SON & CO., 
Cotton Factors. 
Col. A. Savage, formerly of Savage, Jones & Lee, L. J. Savage and Thomas 
A. Jones compose the membership of this firm, whose office is in Gwathmey's build- 
ing, Town Point. The firm was organized in 1879, upon the dissolution of the firm 
alluded to. They control warehouse accommodations for 1,500 bales of cotton. (See 
page 133.) 

QUACKENBUSH, deWITT & CO., 
Commission Merchants. 
Messrs. J. V. P. Quackenbush and Cornelius deWitt are the partners in this firm. 
They do a general commission and brokerage business at No. 9 Commerce Street. (See 
page 133.) 

PULLER & DUNCAN, 
Commission Merchants. 
In May, 1880, Messrs. Samuel D. Puller and James F. Duncan began the commission 
business at Nos. 11 and 13 Roanoke Dock. They, too, do a brokerage business, making 
the sale of flour a specialty. (See page 133.) 

W, T. BARRON & CO., 
Tag Manufacturers. 
Under patents invented and owned by this firm, the manufacture of a most admir- 
able Tag has for several years been carried on very extensively. The Tag is strong, 
safe, simple, easily used and cheap, its qualities commending it to shippers and mer- 
chants everywhere. (Seepage 137.) 

J. H. CALROW, 

Architect. 
Some of the handsomest and best buildings in this city were designed and their erec- 
tion superintended by this gentleman. The Masonic Temple and Van VVyck's Acad- 
emy of Music stand conspicuously among the number. Throughout the South Mr. C. 
enjoys a reputation second to no Southern architect, and his work is finding its way 
in distant sections of the country. 

THAYER'S STABLES. 
James W. Thayer, Proprietor. 

These are the popular hiring stables of Norfolk, where can be had Horses, Buggies, 
Carriages and every description of vehicle, from the ordinary wagon to the handsomest 
and newest style Carriage. A specialty is made of furnishing weddings, private par- 
ties and funerals. The property illustrated on page 31 comprises two brick buildings 
on Atlantic Street. Business commenced in 1S57. (See page 142.) 



ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 185 

J. A. KENNEDY & CO.'S CITY EXPEESS. 
Through a corps of energetic agents, this local express firm is doing an extensive 
business. In connection with the transportation lines of the city, upon which they 
keep reliable agents, passengers and baggage are always called for or delivered to any 
part of the city, and carriages or omnibuses furnished on call. (See page 147.) 

RAWLINS, WHITEHURST & CO., 

Ice Dealers. 

Partners, Wm. Rawlins, C. H. Whitehurst, J. M. Haynes, H. A. De Witt and Ira D. 
Sturgis. In 1869 the firm of Rawlins, Baum & Co. was organized, the present firm suc- 
ceeding to the business in 1874. The three last mentioned partners look after the firm's 
business in Maine. They handle between 8,000 and 10,000 tons of Ice per season and 
ship as far South as Cuba. Their city trade requires the use of 6 wagons, and they 
make a specialty of furnishing the fisheries in this State and North Carolina. Situated 
conveniently to the different water and land transportation lines their shipping facili- 
ties are unsurpassed. (See inside back cover.) 

LUTHER SHELDON, 

Sash, Doors and Blinds 

The business of this house, which was established in 1870, has grown to be very ex- 
tensive and far-reaching. The building illustrated on page 20, now occupied by Mr. 
Sheldon, runs fram No. 49 Koanoke Avenue, through the centre of the block to 16 
West Side Market Square ; contains four floors, including basement, 25x200 feet, with 
elevators, speaking tubes and phones connecting the different stories. The establish- 
ment is the largest of its kind in this section, and it represents the controlling agencies 
of large manufacturing mills. (See inside front cover.). 



NOTE — For corporations and firms not mentioned here see general index. 



TAPPEY & STEEL, 

Manufacturers of Engines, Boilers, Cotton Presses, Tobacco Presses, Etc, 

Petersburg, Ya, 

This is the largest house of its kind in Petersburg, having been many years engaged 
in the manufacture of Engines, Boilers, Cotton and Tobacco Presses, etc. The two 
leading articles manufactured by it are the '"Ball" Cotton and the "' Tappey " Tobacco 
Presses, which are extensively used in the Southern States, being preferred, by the 
most successful planters, to all others. The partners are Wm. H. Tappey and Alex. 
Steel. Their large and commodious establishment includes a number of buildings and 
covers a large area on Washington Street, opposite Jarratt's Hotel. (See page 167.) 

MARTIN, HILL & CO., 

Commission Merchants, Petersburg, Va. 

This old and reputable house was established in 1830, since which time a Martin 
has continued at its head. After a successful career of over 50 years it stands at the 
head of the Commission firms of the city in which it does business. With ample cap- 
ital and experience, justified by the best of tests, success, it offers it services for the 
sale or purchase of Produce or goods on Commission. The partners are Robt. A. Mar- 
tin, Robt, R. Hill and A. G. M. Martin. (See page 165.) 

J. G. TAYLOR & CO., 

Billiard Table Manufacturers, Baltimore. 

The success of this house and its rapid growth in popular favor has not been equaled by 
that of any other in th e same business in the Southern States. Messrs. Taylor & Co.'s Bil- 
liard Tables are known aud appreciated for their durability, elegance of finish, elasticity 
of cushions and general workmanship. Recently Messrs. Taylor & Co. moved their 
manufactory and salesrooms to 367 West Baltimore Street, nearly opposite the Eutaw 
House, where space and location are excellently adapted to the requirements of their 
business. (See page 168.) 



186 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 

A. & A. G. ALFORD, 
Agricultural Implements, Sewing Machines and Fire Arms, Baltimore. 

Messrs. A. & A. G. Alford, whose establishment is at 21 south Howard Street, Balti- 
more, are agents for the world renowned Remington, Agricultural and Fire Arm Com- 
pany of Ilion, N. Y. The firms' building, which has just been completed, is live 
stories high, exclusive of cellars, 30x70 feet, and is one of the many elegant and impos- 
ing structures recently erected in that city. Mr. A. G. Alford has charge of this ex- 
tensive business, and his acquaintance with the Southern trade enables him to appre- 
ciate its needs. Steel Plows, Sewiug Machines, Fire Arms, Type Writers, Printing 
Presses, and the best quality of Agricultural Implements constitute the firm's princi- 
pal stock, which is unequaled in Baltimore. Not only with the South, but with all 
parts of Canada, South America, Europe and Africa this house enjoys a large and sat- 
isfactory trade. (See page 170.) 

BOSTON BELTING CO., 

Manufactures of Rubber Goods, Boston, Mass. 

The Boston Belting Co. is the oldest and by far the largest company in the United 
States, devoted to the manufacture of Rubber Goods. It was organized in 1845 and 
incorporated in 1855, and at the various mechanical exhibitions held in this country 
the merits of its goods have invariably secured for them the highest awards by medal 
or diploma. The specialties of the company are too numerous to mention here, but 
they include every article made of rubber for mechanical uses. The officers of the 
company are : E. S. Converse, President ; Wm H. Furber, Treasurer and General 
Manager; J. B. Forsyth, Manufacturing Agent, with principal offices 189-195 Devon- 
shire, 52-56 Arch Streets, Boston, and 70 Reade and 112 Duane Streets, New York. 
(Seepage 169.) 

W. T. BLACK WELL & CO., 

Proprietors Blackwell's Great Tobacco Factory, Durham, N. C. 

Durham is in the southeastern part of Orange county, on the North Carolina Rail- 
road, 26 miles west of Raleigh and 55 miles east of Greensboro. Orange county is sit- 
uated on the eastern limit of what is known as the " Golden Belt " or " bright " To- 
bacco region of North Carolina, which is universally conceded to be the finest Tobacco 
groiving region in the world. W. T. Blackwell & Co. commenced business in Durham 
in the year 1869, their factory then being a small, roughly constructed frame building. 
They manufactured then only the now world-wide known "Genuine Durham (Bull) 
Smoking Tobacco " Their factory now is the largest of its kind known in this or any 
other country on the globe. It is a most substantial brick building, four stories high 
with basement, with a front of 200 feet, and two wings running back 160 feet each, to 
the rear. In addition to the manufacture of the "Genuine Durham Tobacco" they 
have recently commenced the manufacture of Durham Long Cut and Cigarettes, which 
have already made a reputation for first-class quality and manufacture unsurpassed 
by any other similar manufacture in this country. Their sales for 1880 approximated 
four million pounds of Smoking Tobacco alone, to say nothing of the immense quanti- 
ties of Cigarettes that have found their way, by their own merits, to all the larger 
markets of this country, besides quantities being shipped to various foreign countries. 
They will not allow any manufacturers anywhere to put up similar soods to theirs, 
of better stock, or in any more superior style. They have, in connection with their 
factory, the largest printing office in the State, doing all of their own printing, be- 
sides a good deal for other parties in and out of the State. They are now construct- 
ing a bag factory, 1 04x25 leet, which will give employment to 250 hands additional 
to their present force, which numbers 600. They are also boring an Artesian well, 
the first enterprise of the sort in North Carolina. They propose and intend during 
the year 1881 to sell six million pounds of Smoking Tobacco and fifty millions of 
Cigarettes. Durham in 1865 had scarcely 100 inhabitants. Now, including the 
immediate vicinity, there are about 4,000 souls. This rapid growth never would 
have occurred but for the grand and magnificent success of W. T. Blackwell & Co. 
(See back outside cover.) 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Page 

Agriculture 60 

Albemarle Sound 33,34 

Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal 34, 35 

Allan Line 20 

Asylums 65 

Atlantic City 8 

Atlantic Coast Line 45 

Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio R.R.. 38-44 

Norfolk & Western R.R 38, 44 

Banks and Bankers 62, 77, 78 

Baltimore (The) Steam Packet Co., 

(Bay Line) 37,145 

Berkley 8 

Board of Trade 52 

Bonded Warehouse 15 

Books and Stationery 134 

Boots and Shoes 99 

Brambleton 8 

Builders' Materials 107 

Buildings 139, 140 

Canton (The) Inside Line 145 

Canals 33, 37 

Capes 33 

Channel Approaches 8 

Charities 64 

Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad 48, 52 

Churches 63 

City Finances and Bonds 62 

Clearing House , 77 

Climate 66 

Clyde (The) Lines 37, 146 

Comparison of Cotton Markets 130 

Coastwise Shipping 103 

Coal and Wood../. 100 

Commission... 128, 129,130- 

Consolidati.'.n of Municipalities 64 

Corn 11 

Cotton 

11, 14, 17, 21, 26, 102, 103, 104, 128-130 

Cotton Exchange 11, 30, 52 

Cotton Buyers 21, 23 

Cotton Compresses 15, 22, 128 

Cove and Currituck Sounds 34 

Custom House 64 

Directions for getting Staves and Head- 
ings 122 

Dismal (The) Swamp 68 

Dismal (The) Swamp Canal Co..35, 36, 37 

Drainage 55 

Drugs, Paints and Oils 120 

Dxy Goods and Notions 117 



Page 

Eastern North Carolina 33 

Elizabeth City & Norfolk Railroad 46 

Elizabeth River 9,31 

Exports 12, 24, 102, 103, 104, 129, 130 

Exports by Articles and Values, 1865- 

'80 104 

Fertilizers 59, 107 108 

First Cotton Press 15 

Flour and Grist Mills 137 

Foreign Trade 12, 29, 102, 104, 129, 130 

Fortress Monroe, 66 

Fort Norfolk 52 

Furniture and Carpets 124 

Grain 24,41,51, 52 

Grain Elevators , 43 

Grand Trans- Atlantic Trans. Co 52 

Grand Union Depot 52 

Groceries 71 

Guano Manufacturers and Importers.. 108 

Hampton 67 

Hampton Normal School 67 

Hampton Reads , 9, 51 

Harbor Commission 53, 54 

Hardware 140 

Health 55 

"Hollies, The" 67 

Hospitals 64 

Hotels 113, 114 

Hygeia Hotel 67 

Immigration 25, 31 

Immigration Depot 52, 53 

Imports 12-20 

Improvement of Norfolk Harbor... 53, 54 

Improvement (City) Commission 54 

Indian Corn.. 24 

Inland and Seaboard (The) Coasting Co, 

Washington Line 37, 146 

Insurance. .,..112 

International Commercial Co., of 

Norfolk 18, 19 

Iron Works 82 

James River 9 

Jute 58, 59 

Leading business houses of Norfolk 172-186 

Legislative Aid to Immigration 31 

Liverpool, Memphis and Norfolk S. S. 

Line 2 

Lumber 60, 93 

Manufactories 57 

Manganese Ore 27 

Marine Railways :... 82 



188 



Index. 



Page. 

Maury, Com. M. F 28 

Memphis and Liverpool 21 

Merchants' and Mechanics' Exchange.. 12 
Merchants' and Miners' (The) Transpor- 
tation Co 38, 144, 145 

Nansemond Elver 9 

Newport News 9,50-2 

Norfolk's Commercial Ally 33 

Norfolk Harbor 8, 9, 10 

" Geographically 8, 31 

" "Towne" 6 

Norfolk and Petersburg R.R... 13 

Norfolk and Flushing 28 

Norfolk as an Entrepot for the West.30, 31 

Norfolk and Western Eailroad 38, 44 

Norfolk's "Castle Garden and Bowery" 52 

Norfolk's Railroad Connections 38, 52 

Norfolk's "Locust Point" 51 

Norfolk and Princess Anne R.R 47 

Norfolk's Total Annual Business 62 

Norfolk and Baltimore 52 

Norfolk People 62 

Norfolk Knitting and Cotton Manufac- 
turing Co 57 

North Carolina Sounds 33, 34 

North Carolina Lines 146, 147 

North Landing River 34 

Ocean View (j6 

Ocean View Railroad 47 

Oil Cake, The Manufacture of 59 

Old Dominion (The) Steamship Co., 

37, 143, 144 

Old Point Comfort "9, 66 

Our -Press 64, 162 

Pamlico Sound 34 

Park 66 

Peanuts... 61, 97 

Population . 65 

Portsmouth 8 

Post Office.... 64 

Purchase of A. M. & O. R.R 41, 42 

Places of Amusement 66 

Pleasure Resorts 65, 66 

Princess Anne County 48 

Railroads 21, 38, 52 

Railroad, Steamboat, Mill and Machin- 
ists' Supplies 87 



Page. 

Real Estate 139,140 

Receipts of Cotton, 21 years 129 

Rip-Raps 9, 66 

Roanoke, Norfolk and Baltimore (The) 

Steamboat Co 147 

Shell Roads 60 

Saw and Planing Mills 92, 93 

Seaboard Air Line 45,46 

Seaboard and Roanoke R.R. Co 44, 46 

Seawell's Point 52 

Sectional Dry Dock 59, 60 

Secret Orders 64 

Seedsmen 86 

Shenandoah Valley Railroad Co 42 

Shippers (The) Compress Co 128 

Ship Building... 59, 60 

Ship Timber 59,122 

Ship Channel, between Smith's and 

Newton's Creeks 55, 56 

South Atlantic Steamship Line 21 

Soldiers' Home 67 

Springfield, Jackson and Pomeroy 

Railroad Co 50 

Staves 23, 24, 121, 122 

Steamship Ben Franklin 55, 57 

Steamship Brazilian 17 

Steamship Ontario 20 

Steamboat and Steamship Lines. ..143-147 

Steam Bakeries 95 

St. Paul's Church 63 

St. Vincent DePaul Hospital 64 

Stoves and Tinware 85,86 

Taxes 62 

Timber 27 

Tobacco.... 17 

Tonnage 26, 104 

Trade Area 62 

Trade Convention of 1868 18 

Trucking 60,61. 

Van Wyck's Academy of Music 65 

Virginia's Seaport City 32 

Virginia (The) Steamboat Co. 37, 146 

Virginia and Tenn. Air Line. 40 

Water Works.... 57 

Wharves 54,57 

Wines and Liquors 91 

Yorktown Centennial 68 



INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 

Academy and Library Building 34 

Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Lock 39 

Atlantic Hotel— R. S. Dodson.... 17 

Bank of Commerce 13, 27 

Bird's Eye View of City (Inset) 

Boston Steamers' Wharf 69 

Brickhouse, S. N. & Co.'s 27 

Burruss, Son & Co.'s 13 



Page. 

Citizens' Bank 8 

City Hall 12 

Commerce Street, Water to Main Sts.. 27 

Corprew, J. B. & Co.'s 27 

Cotton Exchange 53 

Davis, M. L. T. & Co.'s 19 

Disciples' Church 11 

Dobie & Cooke's 33 



Index. 



189 



Page. 

Eastham, Powell & Co.'s 27 

Exchange National Bank 13, 15 

Fire Department 29 

Harbor 10, 67 

Home Savings' Bank 44 

Hospital St. Vincent de Paul 22 

Hygeia Hotel, Old Point 49 

Liverpool Steamer's Wharf 69 

Main Street, west from Church 63 

Main St., N. side, Bank to Atlantic 8 

Main St.,N. side, Atlantic to Commerce 13 
Manistee Saw Mills, LeKies & Collins.. 14 

Marine Bank 8 

Market Square 30 

Masonic Temple 21 

Mayer & Co.'s 25 

Norfolk Telephone Exchange 8 

Norfolk Steam Bakery — James Beid 

& Co 28 

Post Office 6 

Power, James & Co.'s 58 

Public Ledger 8 

Purcell House 55 



Santos, M. A. & C. A 13, 43 

Seaboard Cotton Press..... 7 

Section of Water Front 69 

Sheldon's, Luther 20 

Smith, Peter & Co.'s 47 

St. Mary's Church 3"J 

St. Paul's Church 26 

Stevens,S A. & Co.'s 24 

Taylor, Elliott & Watter's 9 

Tliayer's Stables 31 

Unique Mill's— T. B. Anderson & Co... 16 

Upshur Guano Co 41 

U. S. Custom House 6 

U.S. Naval Hospital 18 

U.S. Signal Office 13 

Van Wyck's Academy of Music (Inset) 

Virginian Building and Departments 

(Inset) 

Washington Steamer's Wharf 69 

Water Commissioners' Building 29 

Water Street, east from Commerce 19 

Weller&Co.'s 65 

Williams, T. A. & Dickson's 23 



BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF NORFOLK 



This view clearly demonstrates the magnificent location of Norfolk, and its won- 
derful advantages as a maritime city ; the area of water front, wharf property, and 
points where extensive improvements have been, are being, and may yet be made bv 
capitalists who seek such investments as will return enormous profits, and at the same 
time afford the most absolute security. This map has been made at considerable ex- 
pense to the publisher of this work, believing that the citizens of Norfolk would ap- 
preciate the very great benefit that will accrue to the city from its circulation. 

The locations designated on the view are explained bj' the following corresponding 
numbers. 



1 City Hall. 

2 Custom House. 

3 Atlantic Hotel. 

4 Police Headquarters. 

5 Cotton Exchange. 

6 Market Square. 

7 Norfolk Iron Works. 

8 Elizabeth Iron Works. 

9 Va. and Tenn. Air Line Offices. 

10 Exchange National Bank. 

11 Charles Eeid & Son's. 

12 Upshur Guano Co.'s. 

13 Eastham, Powell & Co.'s. 

14 M. L. T. Davis & Co.'s. 

15 Library Association. 

16 S. A. Stevens & Co.'s. 

17 City Gas Works. 

18 Jordan House. 

19 City Almshouse. 

20 James Reid & Co 's. 

21 Cemeteries. 

22 W. F. Allen & Co.'s. 



23 Norfolk Knitting and Cotton Manu- 

facturing Company's Factory. 

24 St. Paul's Church. 

25 Thayer's Stables. 

27 Van Wyck's Academy of Music. 

28 Hospital St. Vincent de Paul. 

29 Fire Department Building. 

30 Taylor, Elliott & Watters'. 

31 Norfolk Virginian, 

32 Public Ledger. 

33 Norfolk Landmark. 

34 T. A. Williams & Dickson's. 

35 Rowland Bros.' 

36 Freeman, Lloyd, Mason & Dryden's. 

37 Weller & Co.'s. 

38 Naval Anchorage 

39 Washington Taylor & Co.'s. 

40 Purcell House. 

41 Wm. Lamb & Co.'s. 

41 Cnesapeake and Ohio R.R. Office. 

43 Luther Sheldon's. 

44 A. & C. Canal Offices. 



190 



Index. 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 



Page. 

Allen, W. F 91 

Allen; W. P. & Co 75 

Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Co..l54 

Alford, A. & A. G 1?!) 

Atlantic (The Great) Coast Line 158 

Atlantic Hotel, K. S. Dodson 114 

Baker, John C 136 

Baltimore Steam Packet Co., Bay Line.151 

Bank (The) of Commerce 81 

Barron, W. T. & Co 137 

Blackwell, W, T, & Co., (outside back 
cover.) 

Booth, Carman & Co 95 

Borland & Brooke 136 

Boston Belting Co 

Boston and Providence Steamship Co..l4S 

Brickhouse, Smith N. & Co...... 99 

Burrow, John W.... 121 

Burrnss Son & Co 81 

Butt, James M 88 

Callow, J.H 140 

Carman, J. L. & Co 93 

Citizens' (The) Bank ".. 78 

Corley James L 113 

Corpiew J. B. & Co 118 

Crow, George L 8(5 

Chesapeake (The) & Ohio Eailway...l61 

Clyde's Steam Lines .150 

Davis. M, L. T. & Co 73 

Ley, George W. & Son 113 

Dismal Swamp Canal Co 155 

Dobie & Cooke 131 

Doran, John 127 

East ham, Powell & Co 72 

Elizabeth City and Norfolk Railroad.,160 

Exchange (The) National Bank 79 

Elizabeth Iron Works, C. W. Pettit... 83 

Freeman, Lloyd, Mason & Dryden 109 

Gamage, John O 107 

Goodridgv, Field & Co 130 

Graves, W. A 83 

Harmanson & Heath 135 

Hildreth's Furniture Depot 126 

Home (The) Savings Bank 80 

Dygeia Hotel, Old Point— H. Phoebus.115 

Hyslop, W. T 117 

Johnston & Bro 107 

Jones, Lee & Co 132 

Jordan, C. T. & Bro 124 

Jordan House — Amos P. Jordan 116 

Kennedy, J. A. & Co - City Express. ..147 

Ker^ James A 136 

Klepper, Joseph 92 

Lamb, William & Co 105 



Page. 
LeKies & Collins— Manistee Saw Mills 94 

Liverpool, London & Globe Ins. Co 113 

Lowe, John Z 77 

Marine (The) Bank 80 

Martin, Hill. &. Co. 165 

Mayer & Co.. 90 

Merchants' & Miners' Trans. Co 148 

McBlair&Co 100 

McMenamin & Co 76 

Myers & Co 106 

Norfolk as a Business Centre (adv.). ..171 

Norfolk City Mills —Lyman & Co 139 

Norfolk (The) Landmark — James Bar- 
ron Hope & Co , 163 

Norfolk Iron Works— Geo. W. Duval 

&Co 85 

Norfolk (The) Knitting and Cotton 

Mann facturing Co 1 34 

Norfolk Steam Bakery — James Keid 

&Co 96 

Norfolk Sunday Gazette. 165 

Norfolk (The) Trust Co 81 

Norfolk (The) Virginian — M. Glennan 

( Inset.) 

Norfolk (The) & Western Railroad 156 

Norfolk (The) & Western Railroad 

Ticket Office 159 

North Carolina Steam Lines 155 

Nottingham <*fc AVrenn 101 

Old Atlantic Foundry — W. A. Ander- 
son • 85 

O'd Dominion Steamship Company. ..152 

Pearce, Allen & Borum 132 

Perry. J. W 131 

Peters & Reed 123 

Portsmouth (The) Daily Times 164 

Power, Jas. & Co -••• 84 

Public (The) Ledger 164 

Puller & Duncan .:.. 133 

Purcell House— R. T. James 116 

Quackenbush, de Witt & Co 133 

Rawlins, Whitehurst & Co— Insideback 
cover. 

Reid, Charles & Son HO 

Reynods Brothers 106 

Richardson, B. A 121 

Roanoke, Norfolk & Baltimore Steam- 
boat Co 153 

Rowland Brothers 74 

Santos, w.A.&.C. A 121 

Savage, Son & < o 133 

Saunders, Jas. T. 136 

Seaboard Air Line 157 

Sheldon, Luther— Inside front, cover. 



Index. 



191 



Page. 

Shippers (The) Compress Company 166 

Smith & Co., Peter 119 

Stevens, S. A. & Co 125 

Tait, George 87 

Tappey & Steel 167 

Taylor, Elliott & Watters 141 

Taylor, J. G. & Co 168 

Taylor, Washington & Co 74 

Thayer, James W 144 

Tidewater (The) Times 165 

Tredwell, A. & Co 133 

Unique Mills — T. B. Anderson & Co. ..138 

Upshur Guano Co Ill 

Vaughan, A. M. & Son 112 

Vermillion, John 92 

Virginia (The) Granger 164 



Virginia Steamboat Co. — James River 

Line 162 

Virginia and Tennessee Air Line 162 

Walke & Old 135 

Walke & Williams 120 

Washington Steamers — Inland & Sea- 
hoard Coasting Co 149 

Weller & Co 9S 

White & Garnett 135 

White, E. V. & Co 89 

Williams, T. A. & Dickson 75 

Windsor, C. Hall 135 

Woodis, H. E 92 

Woodhouse, H. F , 136 

Worthington, H. L ........................ 130 



1865-1881 
THE NORFOLK" VIRGINIAN 




Cor. MAIN AND COMMERCE STREETS. 

PUBLISHED 
JDJ^TTTZT -A.3STID WEEKLY. 



M. G-LENNATT, Owner. 



NORFOLK, VA. 



NEWSPAPER ADVERTISING THE 
BEST MEDIUM TO SUCCESS. 



Success depends upon the selection of proper mediums and persistency. 
The best medium in our judgment is a good newspaper. — Gilman, Colla- 

MORE & CO. 



We have tried almost every medium in advertising and long ago became 
convinced that the results were largely in favor of newspapers. — Irvin, 
Blakeman, Taylor & Co. 



Advertise largely in first-class newspapers and you are bound to do a 
trade. — Elrich & Co. 



Of all the methods open to the merchant for advertising his business, an 
experience of nearly half a century enables us to unhesitatingly declare in 
favor of the newspaper. It is, without exception, the most economical, 
persistent, painstaking and successful canvasser any business firm can 
secure. — Lord & Taylor. 



I have spent thousands of dollars in advertising in all the old and new 
fangled methods and have long been satisfied that if a man tells the truth 
in the newspaper, he is sure to get ample return for his money. — J. H. 
Johnson. 



ADVERTISE IN THE VIRGINIAN. 



THE NORFOLK VIRGINIAN. 



The first number of the Virginian was issued November 21st, 1865, by 
Messrs. G. A. Sykes & Co. A. M. Keiley, Esq., and Captain James Barron 
Hope were the Editors, and the late Holt Wilson, Esq., had charge of the 
Local Department. Col. J. Richard Lewellen was the business manager. 







COUNTING ROOM. 



The office was then located on Main Street, opposite the Exchange National 
Bank, now Hoffman's Dyeing Establishment. The prospectus set forth that 
"apart from the usual features of journalism, we design that the Virginian 
should be specially devoted to the advancement of the prosperity of Nor- 
folk and her sister city, and the large section of Virginia whose interests are 
common with them." Five months after the first issue a change in the 
ownership and staff occurred, an interest in the paper having been purchased 
by Col. Lewellen. Capt. Hope and Mr. Wilson retired from the paper, anil 
Col. William E. Cameron assumed the Editorship. Some months afterwards 
a new company was formed, consisting of Col. J. R. Lewellen, Soloman 
Hodges, Edward H. Hodges, T. B. Ruffin and J. C. Adkisson, under the 



firm name of J. R. Lewellen & Co. In November, 1866, Col. Lewellen 
withdrew in order to take charge of the publication of the Norfolk Journal. 
His interest was purchased by the remaining partners and the firm name was 
changed to S. Hodges & Co., with J. Marshall Hanna as Editor. 

In January, 1867, the management of the paper was tendered to M. Glen- 
nan, Esq., (then only in his twenty-second year) and on the 17th of the 
month he entered upon the discharge of the duties of the position. The new 
firm made their purchase of the Virginian on a capital of fifty five dol- 
lars, the total amount of spare change in their pockets, and the terms of 
the agreement were, that the entire purchase money should be paid in two 
years, in equal weekly installments, and a failure to meet any one of the 
payments would be considered a forfeiture and the payments made looked 
upon as only so much rent. Mr. Hanna retiring from the Editorship after 
a service of a few months, the position was offered to and accepted by Capt. 
Hope. In November, 1867, Mr. Glennan purchased an interest in the 
paper, and on August 1st, 1868, the office was removed to Nos. 56 and 58 
Roanoke Avenue, a building erected expressly for the purpose, enlarged 
quarters being required in order to meet the increased business demands 
of the paper. On February 19, 1870, Mr. Sol. Hodges disposed of his in- 
terest to the other members of the company, and the firm name was 
changed to Glennan, Ruffin & Co. In the following year Mr. Edward H. 
Hodges, on account of failing health, sold his interest, and on December 14, 

1872, Mr. Glennan purchased the interest of Mr. T. B. Ruffin, and the firm 
name was changed to Glennan & Aclkisson. On 1st October, 1873, Capt. 
Hope retired from the editorship of The Virginian, in order to enter upon 
the same duties on The Landmark, with which paper he was likewise con- 
nected as principal owner. Capt. John Hampden Chamberlayne was selected 
to fill the vacancy. The business of the paper having steadily increased, it 
was found necessary either to seek new quarters or improve the premises 
then occupied, and the owners of the property assenting to the latter in con- 
sideration of a renewal of the lease, then expiring, for a new term of six 
years, a new story was added to the building for the special use of the com- 
posing room of the newspaper department, the job room occupying the en- 
tire second floor. This improvement was completed in the latter part of 

1873. On 11th of March, 1876 Capt. Chamberlayne retired from the 
paper, in order to commence the publication of his paper, The State, in' 
Richmond. Capt. John S. Tucker was tendered and accepted the editorship. 
On March 24th, 1876, Mr. J. C. Aclkisson disposed of his interest to Mr. 
Glennan, in consequence of which the latter became sole owner of the paper. 

In June, 1878, Mr. Glennan, finding that the increased business of The 
Virginian required more commodious quarters and greater facilities, and 
at the same time wishing a more central and convenient location, purchased 
the large and splendidly-built four story brick building on the S. E. corner 
of Main and Commerce streets, then known as the Goode House. This lo- 



cation is in the very business centre of the city, on the principal thorough- 
fare, and in the immediate vicinity of the Post Office, banks and banking 
houses, telegraph offices, &c. Immediate steps were taken to improve it. 
The entire interior of the building was changed, the lower fronts on Com- 
merce and Main Streets remodelled by putting in a handsome open front. 
The two lower floors were divided into stores and offices from which a reve- 
nue could be derived, not alone to pay the interest ou the investment, but 
also materially assist in reducing the principal. The corner office on the 
ground floor, was reserved for the counting-room of The Virginian. The 




EDITORIAL ROOMS. 

two upper stories were devoted entirely to the mechanical departments of 
the office. The composing, stereotyping and drying rooms occupying the 
upper story, and the extensive job room and bindery the third floor. On this 
floor is also located the editorial rooms and private office. In the rear of the 
main building was erected the press and engine room, and connecting the press 
room with the composing and job rooms is an elevator used for lowering and 
hoisting the newspaper and job forms. Every store, office and work room 
in the building is supplied with water, and water closets for the needs of 
tenants and employees are placed on each floor. Every convenience and 
improvement for the rapid dispatch of business was introduced. Even the gas 
that supplies the building is manufactured on the premises. Nothing was 
overlooked that would tend to facilitate work and add to comfort. The 



purchase and improvements, including the cost of a magnificent press, built 
expressly for The Virginian and capable of printing two papers at a time, 
were made at an outlay of nearly twenty thousand dollars. On the first 
of January, 1879, the new quarters were formally occupied, the entire removal 
of all the effects from the old office having been made the day previous, 
without a break in the usual business, and the event was celebrated by the 
issue of an eight-page paper, giving a full record of the local events of the 
previous year, a history of our municipal government, and a review of the 
city's trade. The illustrations will give a very accurate idea of The 
Virginian Building and some of its work rooms. On the 31st of March, 
1880, Capt. Tucker retired from the Editorship, which department has since 
been conducted by Mr. Glennan. 

Such in brief is the sketch of the business career of The Virginian. It 
is a record of successful journalism unparalleled in history of the press of 
the South. And while its success as a business venture has been recognized 
so also has its influence as a leading journal been conceded. In all matters 
relating the advancement and prosperity of Norfolk its opinions have been 
respected, and in the advocacy of all measures that tended to develop the 
great natural resources of Virginia, its record has been most enviable. Its 
establishment found Norfolk occupying " the last place among the great At- 
lantic ports." Now Norfolk occupies a proud position and ranks as the 
second cotton port of the country. Then military rule " foreign to the gen- 
ius of our government, and utterly incompatible with liberty," held, sway in 
the Commonwealth, now we enjoy the blessings of " Home Rule," and dur- 
ing the last decade Virginia has shown an increase in population of nearly 
three hundred and fifty thousand. Her vast mineral wealth is being rapidly 
developed, agriculture is largely and profitably engaged in, railroads are ex- 
tending in every direction, steamboat lines have been and are being estab- 
lished, and on every hand, and on every side we have evidences of Avonder- 
ful enterprise, and witness the cheering results of thrift and progress. 

During its career, The Virginian has consistently supported the cardinal 
principles and leading measures of the National Democratic Party, believ- 
ing the success of that party best calculated to promote the prosperity of all 
sections of our common country. It has insisted upon reform in all branches 
of the public service and economy in the administration of National, State 
and Local Government. It has been a faithful defender of public credit, 
and has earnestly struggled to preserve the honor of Virginia from being 
sullied in the slightest by the taint of repudiation. It points with satisfac- 
tion to its advocacy of the formation of a Paid Fire Department, the estab- 
lishment of the City Water Works, the consolidation of the railroads form- 
ing the present Norfolk and Western Railroad, the redemption of the Sec- 
ond Congressional District in 1876, and it is with special pride that it alludes 
to the success that attended its efforts in bringing about a National Celebra- 
tion of the Centennial of the Surrender of Lord Cornwallis to General 



George Washington, and the steps taken by Congress for the erection of the 
monument voted by the Continental Congress, commemorative of the great 
victory achieved by the combined armies of America and France, which 
finishing the war of Independence, and establishing the United States of 
America, was the crowning epoch of the Revolutionary struggle. In recogni- 
tion of The Virginian's services in this matter, Mr. Glennan has teen 
honored bv Governor Holliday with the appointment of Commissioner to 
represent Virginia at the Centennial, and Capt. Tucker was selected by 
Senator Johnston as the Secretary of the Yorktown Centennial Commission. 
In its desire to advance the business and commercial interests of Norfolk, 




THE PRESS ROOM. 

The Virginian has spared neither labor or expense, and its , efforts in this 
respect have elicited and commanded not only words of praise from our 
people, but the most favorable comments from the press of the country- 
Specially for this purpose it inaugurated the issuing of eight and twelve-page 
"special mammoth editions," when ten thousand copies of each were issued 
and circulated all over the country. These issues contained the first general 
exhibit of the trade and commerce of Norfolk in all its branches. By this 
means the outside world was made acquainted with the rapid strides our 
city has taken in its onward march. The magnitude of this growth was ex- 
plained by tables of statistics, showing with the brevity of figures the kind 
and quality of business done at this port, and the "issues" contained maps of 



6 

the city, •with a plan of proposed extension, and of its trade area, exhibiting 
railroad, steamship and canal lines terminating at Norfolk. They 'were also 
illustrated with views of the city and harbor. The press of the country 
compiled statements of Norfolk's trade from these editions of The Virgin- 
ian, and by this means our prosperity was heralded throughout the land. 

Such so far has been the work of The Virginian. It has not been as 
complete as it would wish it, yet it has been as complete as its means and its 
labors permitted. But for the kind assistance of a generous public, who 
have ever shown their appreciation, it could not have been as successful as 
it has been. In the future as in the past it will seek to merit that confidence 
and support that has always been extended. 




THE VIRGINIAN BOOK AND JOB PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT. 



This department of The Virginian's business Js the most extensive and 
complete of any establishment in Eastern Virginia and North Carolina. Its 
facilities for turning out work are unexcelled, and we are prepared to exe- 
cute every description of job and letter press printing, from a business card 
to a mammoth poster, Avith neatness, correctness and dispatch. Fine and 
color printing is a specialty. Every attention will be given to the printing 
of books, catalogues, lawyers briefs, letter and note heads, bill heads, ship- 
ping tags, business cards, show cards, hand bills, programmes, wedding in- 



vitations, railroad and steamboat printing. Large experience in business, 
the employment of skilled workmen, and the addition of new designs for 
fancy printing are among the resources of the establishment. Its specimen 3 
of printing are always subject to inspection, and all who desire printing are 
invited to come and judge for themselves. We are prepared to compete 
with Northern publishing houses, and simply ask and examination and trial. 




OUE BINDERY, BLANK-BOOK MANUFACTORY, AND RULING DEPARTMENT. 

Besides its Job Printing Establishment, The Virginian has also an ex- 
tensive Bindery and Blank Book Manufactory and Paper Ruling Depart- 
ment, by which it is prepared to manufacture, in the best manner and at 
the shortest notice, all kinds of blank books, such as ledgers, journals, cash 
and day books, invoice and order books, check and note books, and bills of 
lading books, in any manner that may be needed, and at figures that will 
compete with the lowest Northern rates. This department is in the charge 
ef experienced and competent workmen, and we guarantee our work to com- 
pete in quality and style with any. Old books rebound, and pamphlets, 
magazines, music, newspapers, periodicals bound in the best style. By the 
addition of our Puling Department we are enabled to fill all orders for letter 
heads, bill heads, note heads, railroad and steamboat blanks, and all work 
of this nature, at reduced rates. Orders solicited and promptly attended to. 

Address, " Virginian," Cor. Main and Commerce Sts. Norfolk, Va. 



1865-1881 





o 



§ 






VIRGINIAN BUILDING, 

Corner Main and Commerce Streets, Norfolk, Va. 



(M. G-LENN AN, Owner.) 



SUBSCRIPTION, $5,00 PER, ANNUM. 

The Daily Virginian is an unrivalled medium through which the public of 
Eastern and Tide-water Virginia and North Carolina may be reached. Its success has 
been without a parallel in the History of the Press of Virginia, Its circulation ex- 
ceeds that of any other paper published in Eastern Virginia. Its city circulation is 
greater that than that of any other. Proof. — Bills of Paper, Postage Receipts, and 
Books of Subscription. 

THE DOLLAR WEEKLY VIRGINIAN. 

ONE OF THE CHEAPEST AND BEST NEWSPAPERS IN THE SOUTH. 

Its Summary of the Neivs of each week by Telegraph and Mail will be complete. Jts 
Market Reports are accurate and compiled with great care. Its Agricultural Depart- 
ment will make it of great interest to the Farmer and Planter. Its Family Reading 
Matter will render it most acceptable and interesting to all. Its Political Opinions will 
be uttered without reserve, and oppression from any quarter will be fearlessly resisted 
on all occasions. 

TO i&J3\FEE*1*lS^E*S. 

We call the especial attention of advertisers to the inducements held out to them 
through the medium of the Weekly Virginian. Its circulation is very extensive 
through Eastern and South-western Virginia, and all through Eastern and Central 
North Carolina, and is in excess of the combined circulation of all others in this city 



We are prepared to execute with promptness all kinds of 
TO A MAMMOTH POSTER. 

FINE AND COLOR PRINTING A SPECIALTY. 



MS] 



BOOKS and PAMPHLETS of any Style printed neatly, in any size letter, at prices 
to compete with Northern Publishing Houses.. 



THE VIRGINIAN BOOK BINDERY 

AND 

PAPER RULING ROOMS. 

RULING AND BINDING.— Those in need of work in this line will do well to 
obtain figures from the Virginian Book Bindery, before giving orders elsewhere. 

PAPER of any size ruled to any desired pattern. BLANK BOOKS, &c, made to 
order. The Binding of MUSIC* a specialty. OLD BOOKS RE-BOUND in the 
best possible manner, and at reasonable rates. GILDING promptly and neatly 
executed. 



JUDICIOUS ADVERTISING 
SECURES SUCCESS. • 



He who invests One Dollar in- Business, should invest One Dollar in 
Advertising: that Business. — A. T. Stewart. 



Constant and persistent Advertising is a sure prelude to wealth. — 
Stephen Girard. 



I have most complete faith in printer's ink. Advertising is the royal 
road to business. — P. T. Barnltm. 





If a man can do Business he should let it be known. — Benjamin 
Franklin. 



My success is owing to my liberality in Advertising. — Robert T. Bonner. 



ADVERTISE IN THE VIRGINIAN 



RAWLINS, WHITEHURST & CO. 

Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 

EASTERN ICE, 

Corner Fayette and Lee Streets, 

NORFOLK, VA. 



Keep constantly on hand Quantities such 

as to enable us to be prepared at all 

times to fill orders by 



Orders by Mail or Dispatch receive our 
Prompt Attention. 

We are prepared to furnish ICE by the cargo 
DIRECT FROM MAINE. 

POND OR RIVER ICE, 

OF THE VERY BEST QUALITY. 

Orders for Car Loads, Barrels or Hogsheads, 

PROMPTLY FILLED. 

All Enquiries receive our Immediate Attention. 



Manufactur 



Is the FIN I 
most un 
ever pu- 




MANUFACTURED ONLY 



IFOR PLEASURE 

! «$MFORT,H£AL?H- 
■3LD- 



imiMV 



These Go 



THAT- 

They are the Finest 
rket 

ley are- free from Drugs o- 
■ 

They corisist*of the Finest Tobac 

i 

SEKT) US YOUR OKI) i 

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED 



